Technology Has Changed the Live of Teen Agers

DOI: 10. 1111/j. 1464-5491. 2006. 01868. x Glycaemic control Review Article 23 0742-3071Publishing, alcohol Diabetic Medicine and2006 consumption D. Ismail et al. DME UK Oxford, article Blackwell Publishing Ltd Social consumption of alcohol in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes is associated with increased glucose lability, but not hypoglycaemia D. Ismail, R. Gebert, P. J. Vuillermin, L. Fraser*, C. M. McDonnell, S. M. Donath†  and F. J. Cameron AbstractDepartment of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, *Wimmera Base Hospital*, Horsham and † Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia Accepted 10 June 2005 Aims To determine the effects of social consumption of alcohol by diabetic adolescents on glycaemic control. Methods Fourteen (five male) patients aged > 16 years were recruited from the diabetes clinic at the Royal Children’s Hospital. The continuous glucose monitoring syste m (CGMS) was attached at a weekend when alcohol consumption was planned for one night only.For each patient, the 12-h period from 18. 00 h to 06. 00 h for the night with alcohol consumption (study period) was compared with the same period with non-alcohol consumption (control period) either 24 h before or after the alcohol study night. Thus, each subject was his /her own control. Glycaemic outcomes calculated from continuous glucose monitoring included mean blood glucose (MBG), percentage of time spent at low glucose levels (CGMS < 4. 0 mmol/l), normal glucose levels (CGMS 4. 0–10. 0 mmol/ l) and high glucose levels (> 10. mmol/ l) and continuous overall net glycaemic action (CONGA). Results The mean number of standard alcohol drinks consumed during the study period was 9. 0 for males and 6. 3 for females. There was no difference in percentage of time at high and normal glucose levels in the study and control periods. During the control period, there was a higher percentage o f time with low glucose levels compared with the study period (P < 0. 05). There was an increased level of glycaemic variation during the study time when compared with the control period.Conclusions In an uncontrolled, social context, moderately heavy alcohol consumption by adolescents with Type 1 diabetes appears to be associated with increased glycaemic variation, but not with low glucose levels. Diabet. Med. 23, 830–833 (2006) Keywords adolescence, alcohol, glycaemic control Abbreviations CGMS, continuous glucose monitoring system; CONGA, continuous overall net glycaemic action; MBG, mean blood glucose; RCH, Royal Children’s Hospital Introduction Adolescents with Type 1 diabetes frequently engage in risk-taking activities [1].Amongst these activities is the social Correspondence to: Dr Fergus Cameron, Deputy Director, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. E-mail: fergus. [ema il  protected] org. au consumption of alcohol, frequently as underage drinkers [2]. Whilst the effects of alcohol consumption upon glycaemia have been well described in a controlled setting [3– 6], little is known about the impact on glucose levels of alcohol consumption by adolescents within an ambulant, social context.The purpose of this project was to utilize continuous glucose monitoring to study the impact of social alcohol consumption on glycaemic control in a group of alcohol-using adolescents.  © 2006 The Authors. 830 Journal compilation  © 2006 Diabetes UK. Diabetic Medicine, 23, 830–833 Review article 831 Patients and methods This study was approved by the Human Ethics Research Committee of the Royal Children’s Hospital (RCH). That approval was contingent upon the fact that the investigators should not be seen to encourage underage drinking in adolescents.Consequently, we only approached adolescents who we knew were drinking socially and, despite our previous counselling, elected to continue to drink alcohol on a semi-regular basis. We recruited 22 adolescents with Type 1 diabetes from the RCH diabetes clinic. The adolescents were considered eligible only if > 16 years old and parental/patient consent was obtained. HbA 1c (Bayer DCA 2000 immunoagglutination method, Calabria, Barcelona, Spain) was measured, and diabetes duration and insulin doses were recorded. The MiniMed continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) was attached to the study patients over a weekend period.Patients were required to have an alcohol-free period for at least 24 continuous hours during the weekend trace period. A diary was kept of activities during the trace period (insulin injections, meal, snacks, dancing, alcohol consumption, sport). There was no change in insulin doses between study and control periods. In the evening when alcohol was consumed, patients were asked to recall how many and what type of drinks were consumed and how inebriated the y became. Patients recall of alcohol consumption was converted to ‘standard drinks’ (one standard drink contains the equivalent of 12. ml 100% alcohol) using The Australian Alcohol Guidelines [7]. CGMS data was recorded between 18. 00 and 06. 00 h on the evening when alcohol was consumed (the study period) and between 18. 00 and 06. 00 h on the evening when no alcohol was consumed (the control period). CGMS data were only analysed if there had been regular calibrations with intermittent capillary blood glucose readings at a maximum of 8-h intervals. Each CGMS trace was qualitatively and quantitatively analysed using mean glucose values, per cent time in glycaemic ranges and ontinuous overlapping net glycaemic action (CONGA) [8]. CONGA values were calculated to assess glycaemic variation over 1-, 2- and 4-h intervals. Low glucose values were defined as CGMS values < 4 mmol/ l, normal glucose values when CGMS values were 4– 10 mmo/ l and high glucose values when CG MS values were > 10 mmol/ l. Each patient acted as their own control with study periods and control periods being compared. Inter-individual values were grouped for comparison. Differences between study and control periods were analysed using paired t-tests. Analyses were done in Stata [9]. ales and nine females. The mean age was 18. 5 years (range: 17. 4 – 19. 5). The mean duration of diabetes was 9. 4 years (range: 3 – 16. 3). Six of our subjects took four insulin injections per day and eight took two injections daily. The mean insulin dose was 1. 1 units /kg/day (range: 0. 7 –1. 8), and the mean HbA1c was 9. 6% (range: 8. 2 – 10. 8). Activities during the study period Thirteen subjects had dinner before drinking and only one subject did not consume any food before going out. Three subjects ‘danced a lot’ and six subjects went dancing but did not dance a lot.Ten subjects had something to eat after drinking. Alcohol consumption during the st udy period The mean number of alcohol drinks consumed on the study night was 9. 0 (range 3–16) for males and 6. 3 (range 3–14) for females. All the females consumed pre-mixed sweetened alcohol drinks (5% alcohol), with only one consuming beer and one consuming wine. Four of the males consumed mixed spirits, one mixed spirits and beer and one beer only. Forty per cent of the males had more than seven standard drinks during the study and 67% of the females had more than five drinks.In total, 80% of the subjects had pre-mixed sweetened alcohol drinks at some point during the study period. Forty-three per cent of the subjects reported that they became inebriated and 14. 3% consumed alcohol to the point where they became physically sick. None of the subjects lost consciousness or took recreational drugs during the study period. Comparative CGMS data between study and control periods Results Patients There was no significant difference between the overall mean glucose levels of patients when comparing study and control periods (Table 1; P = 0. 43).Similarly, there were no significant differences in the amount of time spent with either normal or high glucose values between study and control periods (Table 1). A larger proportion of time was spent with low glucose values during the control period when compared with the study period (1. 9 vs. 16. 8%, P = 0. 03). A significantly larger degree of glycaemic variation was seen in the CONGA values in the study period when compared with the control period (Table 1). The difference in CONGA values were consistent and independent of whether glycaemic variation was assessed over 1-, 2- or 4-h intervals.Of the 22 subjects recruited, eight were excluded because their CGMS traces did not have sufficiently frequent calibration points with intermittent capillary measures of blood glucose. Of the 14 subjects remaining, we were able to obtain study period data on 14 patients and matched control period data on only 12 pat ients. The study period occurred on the night prior to the control period in nine subjects. There were five Discussion It has long been recognized that a prohibitionist approach is usually ineffective when counselling adolescents who engage in risk-taking behaviours [10].Many centres today, ourselves included, have instead adopted a harm minimization approach in dealing with such behaviours. An important component  © 2006 The Authors. Journal compilation  © 2006 Diabetes UK. Diabetic Medicine, 23, 830–833 832 Glycaemic control and alcohol consumption †¢ D. Ismail et al. Outcome measure Mean difference between Study period Control period study period and mean value mean value control period (95%CI) P-value 10. 6 16. 8 58. 6 24. 6 2. 1 3. 2 3. 7 1. 2 (? 2. 1, 4. 4) ? 14. 9 (? 28. 1, ? 1. 8) ? 0. 8 (? 27. 3, 25. 8) 15. 7 (? 4. 5, 35. 8) 0. 6 (0. 2, 1. 0) 1. 1 (0. , 1. 9) 1. 8 (0. 4, 3. 1) 0. 43 0. 03 0. 95 0. 12 0. 006 0. 01 0. 01 Table 1 CGMS outcomes, study and contro l periods Blood glucose levels (mmol/l) 11. 8 Per cent time low glucose 1. 9 Per cent time high glucose 57. 8 Per cent time normal glucose 40. 3 CONGA1* 2. 7 CONGA2* 4. 3 CONGA4* 5. 5 *CONGA calculated at 1-, 2- and 4-h intervals. CONGAn is the standard deviation of different glucose measures n hours apart for the duration of the CGMS trace. of counselling using a harm minimization approach is that the information provided be credible and reflective of ‘real’ or ‘lived’ circumstances.Continuous glucose monitoring provides a technique whereby the glycaemic consequences of various behaviours can be documented in an ambulant or non-artificial setting. Adolescents with Type 1 diabetes frequently consume alcohol in a social context [11]. Alcohol is known to inhibit the gluconeogenic pathway, to inhibit lipolysis, impair glucose counter-regulation and blunt hypoglycaemia awareness [3,4]. Previous studies in young adults with Type 1 diabetes have shown that modera te consumption of alcohol in the evenings without concomitant food intake may cause hypoglycaemia the following morning [5].Consumption of alcohol after a meal, however, has shown no similar adverse effects on glucose [6]. It is reasonable to assume, therefore, that alcohol consumption may be a significant risk factor for hypoglycaemia in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes [5]. Studies of the glycaemic effects of alcohol consumption in an ambulant adolescent/young adult population can be difficult. This is because such behaviours are uncontrolled, often spontaneous and usually in the context of other social activities (parties, dancing, etc. ).In order to ensure that we only reported accurate CGMS data during these activities, capillary blood glucose calibration was considered vital and those patients who failed in this regard were excluded from analysis. Just over 60% of the patients recruited were able to successfully wear and calibrate a CGMS unit during these activities. Given tha t patients who experience hypoglycaemic symptoms are more likely to perform capillary self measures of blood glucose, we feel that it is unlikely that those patients excluded from the analysis had a greater frequency of hypoglycaemia than those patients reported.We were unable to record our subjects’ alcohol consumption in a contemporaneous fashion and hence were reliant upon their recall. It is possible that their remembered patterns of consumption were not entirely accurate. This potential inaccuracy should not be seen as a weakness of this study, as we only set out to determine patterns of glycaemia in adolescents engaging in spontaneous and uncontrolled alcohol consumption. We neither specified the type nor the amount of alcohol to be consumed (our ethical approval was contingent on this not occurring).The data as to amount of alcohol consumed have been included for descriptive purposes only. The results of this study show that alcohol consumption by adolescents in a soci al context is associated with a greater degree of glycaemic variation and less time spent with low glucose values than evenings where no alcohol is consumed. Whilst the second of these findings appears counter-intuitive, there may be several possible explanations. Firstly, the vast majority of our study group ate a meal prior to going out and ate upon their return before going to bed.These are practices that we have instilled as harm minimization strategies to avoid alcohol-induced hypoglycaemia in our clinic. Secondly, most of the alcohol consumed was as pre-mixed spirit and sweetened, carbonated beverages. Finally, alcohol consumption was only associated with vigorous exercise (dancing) in a minority of our study group. All of these factors could have combined to negate the hypoglycaemic effects of alcohol. In a previous study of glycaemia during alcohol consumption in adult men [5], hypoglycaemia occurred most often 10–12 h after wine consumption when the evening before en ded at 23. 0 h. We analysed our data to see if a similar phenomenon occurred in this study and found that the per cent of time spent with CGMS readings < 4 mmol/l between 06. 00 and 12. 00 h on the morning after the study period (i. e. the morning after the drinking night) was only 1. 1%. Notwithstanding the fact that our cohort frequently consumed alcohol later than 23. 00 h, the factors that impacted upon glycaemic control during the study night appear to have carried over to the ‘morning after’. The findings in this study highlight the importance of ambulant testing.It is important to note that the findings of the group studied here may not be seen in adolescents who drink non-sweetened alcoholic drinks or in those adolescents with better underlying metabolic control. Whilst alcohol consumption in isolation may reasonably be thought to cause hypoglycaemia, alcohol consumption by adolescents in the context of meals, sweetened mixers and little activity did not result in more hypoglycaemia than an alcohol-free evening. Whether the increase in glycaemic variation seen on an evening  © 2006 The Authors. Journal compilation  © 2006 Diabetes UK.Diabetic Medicine, 23, 830–833 Review article 833 of alcohol consumption has negative clinical outcomes remains an area for further investigation. Competing interests CMM was a Novo Nordisk research fellow. FJC received fees for speaking at conferences and funds for research from Novo Nordisk. References 1 Cameron F, Werther G. Adolescents with diabetes mellitus. In: Menon, RK, Sperling, MA, eds. Pediatric Diabetes. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003: 319–335. 2 Frey MA, Guthrie B, Lovelandcherry C, Park PS, Foster CM. Risky behaviours and risk in adolescents with IDDM.J Adol Health 1997; 20: 38–45. 3 Avogaro A, Beltramello P, Gnudi L, Maran A, Valerio A, Miola M et al. Alcohol intake impairs glucose counterregulation during acute insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in IDDM patients. D iabetes 1993; 42: 1626–1634. 4 Kerr D, Macdonald IA, Heller SR, Tattersal RB. Alcohol causes hypoglycaemic unawareness in healthy volunteers and patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 1990; 33: 216–221. 5 Turner BC, Jenkins E, Kerr D, Sherwin RS, Cavan DA. The effect of evening alcohol consumption on next morning glucose control in type 1 diabetes.Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 1888–1893. 6 Koivisto VA, Tulokas S, Toivonen M, Haapa E, Pelkonen R. Alcohol with a meal has no adverse effects on postprandial glucose homeostasis in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 1612–1614. 7 National Health and Medical Research Council. Australian Alcohol Guidelines: Health Risks and Benefits. DS9. Available from: http://www7. health. gov. au/nhmrc/publications/synopses/ds9syn. htm. 8 McDonnell CM, Donath SM, Vidmar SI, Werther GA, Cameron FJ. A novel approach to continuous glucose analysis utilising glycaemic variation.Diab Tech Therap 2005; 7: 253–263. 9 Sta taCorp. Stata statistical software. Release 8. 0. College Station, TX: Stata Corporation, 2003. 10 Kyngas H, Hentinen M, Barlow JH. Adolescents perceptions of physicians, nurses, parents and friends: help or hindrance in compliance with diabetes self-care? J Adv Nurs 1998; 27: 760–769. 11 Patterson JM, Garwick AW. Coping with chronic illness. In: Werther, GA, Court, JM, eds. Diabetes and the Adolescent. Melbourne: Miranova Publishers 1998, 3–34.  © 2006 The Authors. Journal compilation  © 2006 Diabetes UK. Diabetic Medicine, 23, 830–833

Drama assessment on dennis kellys ‘DNA’

Lea being the main narrator, sat up on her knees, Inviting the audience In to listen and seemed more comforting and engaged, whereas Phil communicated with the audience with the lack of focus and response, showing have AR away Phil really is to understanding Leash's thoughts and feelings. The actors facial features were kept very minimal, neural expressions which showed no emotion allowing the other two character to really communicate and show the audience what they really think and feel.We did this to support our Interpretation of the characters and what we got from the play which was that Lea had deep feelings for Phil, which he took for granted. I played Leash's conscience, alongside†¦.. , who played Phial's. I and †¦ Walked up to each other hesitantly, showing the lack of communication between the characters as their unsure of their relationship. We help our hands out towards each other after we had separated to communicate through the use of gesture, to the audience th at we do truly need each other, we just can't show it.This was my idea, and I think it was successful because I really wanted to show to the audience the true feelings of the two characters and I think this was a good moment to communicate with the audience. I contrasted with tone of voice, as she uses a soft yet pleading tone, I respond to it with an aggressive tug of Cam's arm, silently beginning him to respond. Leash's self-conscious, in coherent character and Phial's stubborn blindness, tops them communicating, and I believe this is why their relationship is so strained and unclear. Ã'›â€ ¦ Asked us to enter the stage one by one, and to create a still image of a character, showing them at the start and end of the play. We had to then bring our image to life, using role play to show what we would have thought at those points. I was playing Brian, a miss interpreted character, which didn't get enough attention even though the situation was clearly affecting him in a strong ph ysiological level. For my first still image I stood with a slouch, protectively wrapping my arms around my odd, by lowering onto a smaller level, symbolizes Briar's vulnerability and scared nature.Avoiding eye contact too communicate with the audience, showing how uncomfortable Brain was, repeating â€Å"l can't go In there† and â€Å"l feel guilty, stuttering my words. By slurring and stuttering the words shows the audience that I'm not an overly confident character and the pressure and guilt Is getting too much for me, communicating my feelings and status within the group, saying things Like â€Å"they can't make me go in their again†, showing that the rest of the group takes advantage of his weak nature, which Is showed throughout the play. On the other hand, when †¦. Wowed his Interpretation, he showed Brian forcefully splitting out his words, showing his distaste towards the other characters In the play, glaring at the audience, communicating via facial expr ession, whereas I relied on my body language. After delivering my narration, I used a melting machine to change my Briar's over enthusiastic, UN naturalistic character in contrast to the serious situation he was in. At the end of the play, you're informed of Briar's diagnosed mental issue, so I tried to communicate that with over enthusiastic body moment and gestures, to express the erratic state of his mind.It was intriguing to see where the characters ended up after being involved in murder, and Briar's account has got to be the most shocking and legit, Dennis Kelly is clever with the way he shows his character. Miss asked us to get into larger groups to perform a conscious alley to show Phial's inner battle for his decision to kill Adam. My group was the most effective as we added various bits of narration in the mist of some role playing in unison. I was on the side which was trying to skillfully persuade Phil to choose the moral decision, too not killWe started off with the lig hts off, eliminating the audiences senses, all laughing in high pitches, moving around the blocks to make the audience vulnerable, communicating Adams feelings which he would of felt when he woke up with the woods surrounding him. I silenced the laughing and the darkness by saying the line â€Å"So however you been living? â€Å", a seemingly innocent, naturalistic question, which then .. Elaborates and turns the scene from Statisticians inspired to Retard in a quick change of pace, which is heightened with the rest of us hitting the block and our legs and add a form of an ritual.

Case Studies Of Tea Plantation In Wayanad Environmental Sciences Essay

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Business ethics - Essay Example The two concepts, affirmative action and â€Å"reverse discrimination†, have been employed, by the American government, to aid in creating an equal environment when it comes to hiring and promoting individuals from minority groups. Affirmative action was brought, on board, to help in annihilating the idea of individuals being discriminated because of the unchangeable aspects in their personalities such as race, sex, color, religion or ethnicity. On the other hand, â€Å"reverse discrimination† entails the idea of discriminating against individuals from minority groups. Individuals, who in the earlier years found themselves to be on the advantageous side or to be in the majority group, are subjected to discrimination, which aims at reversing the unfairness that had been witnessed earlier. â€Å"Reverse discrimination† operates in a manner that people from minority groups are given priority over people from the majority group when it comes to hiring and promotion ( Stuart 17). The best theory to apply in this situation, which pertains to affirmative action and â€Å"reverse discrimination†, is utilitarianism. In essence, the theory of utilitarianism states that a moral rightful action taken in any given circumstance is bound to be beneficial to all parties affected. The theory of utilitarianism, best supports the position of affirmative action and â€Å"reverse discrimination† because it focuses on bringing benefit to most individuals from both groups, which are the majority and the minority. Since Utilitarianism is based on attaining greater good, the affirmative action will be appropriate, as discrimination, which is a negative act affecting many individuals from the minority group will ultimately be eliminated (Kowalski 5). Affirmative action ensures that minorities are protected from any form of discrimination, which they are likely to face when it comes to

Smith's Accounting and Tax Service-Can Amanda Turn Her New Business Assignment

Smith's Accounting and Tax Service-Can Amanda Turn Her New Business Around - Assignment Example Factors like ethics, global competitiveness and environment are the factors that are seen to influence how the mangers perform the four functions. Planning Planning is the process of identifying the organizational goals for future performances and then decides on the task and the resources required accomplishing these goals. In simple terms planning says the manger regarding what the organization wants to achieve in future and how they can achieve that. Planning also specifies when and how the task should be performed. Managers are seen to exactly outline what to achieve and how to achieve. By this the managers are not only concern with the success of the organization in achieving long term goals but also short term goals as well (Agarwal, 2008). In this case Amanda has committed the mistake of not planning how she will be running the business. She even failed to plan how she would run the business if it is undergoing through crisis. Lisa was recruited not on the basis of her experie nce or qualification; she was recruited simply because of her acquaintances with Amanda. This shows that Amanda was totally unprepared for the business; otherwise she would have followed proper recruitment processes. Amanda developed the mission and vision of her company after the business has been already started. The target market was even chosen by Amanda after starting the business. Both the things need to be done prior to starting the business. Moreover she even did not plan any thing for the slack period that her business will be facing. When the slack period commenced, she started wondering about she will be paying her employees and eventually end up into losing them. Moreover she was taking... The four management functions are very important for the managers to follow in order to make the organization achieve its goals. If any of the four functions are not implemented by the manager then it creates a huge negative impact on the performance of the business. In this case, though Amanda has huge experience in auditing and taxation but was incapable of implementing the four function of management. She tried to do a lot of things and even done some of them but all at a wrong time. †¢ She should now first plan how she would be running the business, where she needs to also focus on some provision in case if the business fails to achieve its expected results. Recruit a human resource manager and an operational manager who will be looking the recruitment and day to day operations respectively. Amanda should engage herself more proactively regarding monitoring the performance and assessing them so that feedbacks related to necessary correction can be provided. Proper flow of in formation regarding the goals of the organization should be ensured.

The Gospel Unhindered Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Gospel Unhindered - Research Paper Example However, despite rebellion from the Jews, the gospel continues to be propagated throughout the world. This brings forth the very last word of Luke’s account of Acts, akolutos, which when translated means unhindered (Frank 460). Definition and Translation of Unhindered. The last word of the extant text of Luke’s Acts is akolutos which when translated means unhindered (Frank 460). This underlines the essence of Luke’s writing as evidenced in the word hinder as used on a various occasions. Philip found nothing to hinder the Ethiopian eunuch from being baptized (Acts 8:36). Moreover, in his defense for mingling with uncircumcised men, Peter stated that he would not hinder God (Acts 11:17). Therefore, the usage of the word hinder by Luke outlined the unhindered nature of the gospel. Timeless Application. Luke wrote the book of Acts at a time when the gospel was predominately acceptable among the gentiles. However, the Jews remained adamant to the gospel. It is necessa ry to note their adamancy did not hinder the gospel from being propagated to other communities. Consequently, even acts of violence from the Jewish community such as the stoning of Stephen and the expulsion of Paul from synagogues did not prevent the gospel from being propagated. As a result, the power of the gospel remains unhindered today, just as it was during the early church period. Breaking through Barriers PERSECUTION Early Church. The early church underwent immense persecution. In the inception of the propagation of the gospel, Peter and John were arrested and threatened (Bock 436). Moreover, the apostles were also imprisoned by the Sadducees (Acts 5:18). This was as a result of the Sadducees’ jealousy towards their flourishing ministry. Later on, Stephen became the first martyr of the early church as he was murdered for defending the gospel. Stephen’s death resulted in the scattering of the early church as the disciples fled from Saul to the Diaspora. However, Saul was eventually converted into a preacher of the gospel. Nevertheless, just like the other Christians, he also underwent numerous persecutions in the ministry (Paul 323). Present Day. The church still undergoes persecution even in the modern day as evidenced in the prohibition of Christianity in various countries (Soci?as 133). For instance, in North Korea, practicing and propagation of Christianity could be tantamount to gross persecution from the authorities. Persecution occurs in the form of violence, imprisonment and in extreme cases, death. Therefore, persecution of the church still occurs even in the modern day. However, it is highly prevalent among the Muslim, Asian, Chinese, Korean and Indian communities. As a result, Christians from these countries have been forced to flee to other Christian-friendly countries. Therefore, despite being in a modern world of civilization and freedom of religion, the church still receives immense persecution from the anti-Christian commun ities. ETHNIC AND CULTURAL PREJUDICE Philip and the Ethiopian Eunuch. The Spirit of the Lord leads Philip to an esteemed person in the Ethiopian government. The eunuch was in charge of treasury in the land of Egypt (Acts 8:26). Nevertheless, he was not an Israelite. Thus, according to the Jewish culture, he did not qualify to be part of the Jewish family. This is because he was unclean and uncircumcised. However, despite his inadequacies, Philip reaches out to the eunuch and preaches to him. This is further evidenced when they come across a river and

Hounds of Baskerville - Main Events Essay Example for Free

Hounds of Baskerville Main Events Essay Sir Charles Baskerville is found dead in the alley near his home, Baskerville Hall. Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson are asked by a family friend to investigate furthur. * Sir Henry, the new heir to the family inheritance, arrives from Canada to move into Baskerville Hall. However, strange things start happening. He receives a letter telling him to keep away from the moor and two of his boots go missing (a new black one, and an old brown one). They also discover that a mysterious bearded man has been following them in a cab. Watson is asked to travel with Sir Henry to Baskerville Hall for protection. as Holmes cannot accompany him himself at the moment. * Watson meets the Barrymores and Mr. Stapleton near the Grimpen Mire, and learns about a dangerous prisoner (Seldon) that has escaped from Princetown and is currently hiding in the area. Miss Stapleton, Mr. Stapleton’s sister, mistakens Watson for Sir Henry and warns him to go back to London. * Sir Henry falls in love with Miss Stapleton and proposes marriage. Her brother reacts furiously and rudely. Watson later discovers that Miss Stapleton is actually Mr. Stapleton’s wife! * Watson finds out that the escaped criminal is Mrs Barrymore’s brother. * Barrymore reveals that on the night of his death, Sir Charles was going to meet Laura Lyons, in order to help her start a buisness. Laura Lyon explains that she never got to meet Sir Charles. * Watson inspects the huts around the moor and runs into Holmes, who has been investigating undercover. The two of them find Selden’s dead body, dressed in Sir Henry’s clothes. * While dining, Holmes observes that the face/painting of Sir Hugo Baskerville is extremely similar to the face of someone else. Realizing the cuplrit behind all this mayhem, Holmes comes up with a plan. * The group waits outside of the culprit’s home. Sir Henry (unknowingly dining with the culprit) is attacked by a huge hound. Luckily, the hound is shot down, but the culprit is no where to be seen. They look for him the next day, unsuccessfully, as they find him dead.

Telecommunication in the 21st Century

Telecommunication in the 21st Century Telecommunication in the 21st century have improved over the decade by the introduction of better techniques through which signals can be transmitted from a transmitter through a medium to a receiver. These techniques have improved mobile communications, satellite transmissions and helped to improve data security. Some of these techniques are amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), sampling and link analysis (SLA) and PCM. The acronym PCM represents ‘Pulse-code modulation’, which is used for digitizing analogue data, for instance, audio signals. This is carried out by sampling analogue signals at uniform interval and then quantized to a series of symbols in a digital code (e.g. 10001).Its technically a way in which analogue signals are converted to digital form. PCM technique has its advantages; It makes processing of signals cheap since PCM is digital. It helps to filter off frequencies above the highest signal frequency. Pulse-code modulation has been a form used for some compact disc formats, digital video and for digital audio in computers. In PCM, there are series of processed to be followed; Filtering Sampling Quantizing Binary coding Companding Filtering This is a process where frequencies above the highest signal frequency are removed. The reason for this is that if this frequency is not removed, problems would occur when going to the next stage of sampling. Sampling This stage of the PCM is performed through PAM (pulse amplitude modulation).It answer the question of how signals change from one form to another (analogue to digital). It makes use of the original analog signal and uses it for the amplitude modulation of a pulse which has constant amplitude and frequency, this constant frequency is known as the sampling frequency (i.e. the number of samples per second ).The sampling frequency have to be more than the maximum frequency of the analogue signal. To work out the sampling rate, Nyquist theorem is used; â€Å"That in order to be able to reconstruct the original analogue signal, a minimum number of samples had to be taken†.It could be stated as: Fs > 2(BW) Fs = Sampling frequency BW = Bandwidth of original analog voice signal Quantizing and Coding This basically means the converting of each of the analogue sample into a discrete value (in the form of a binary code) that can be given a digital code word. It is done by assigning each sample a certain quantization interval. The instantaneous amplitude is been rounded off to certain levels, this thereby introduces some uncertainties (quantization noise).This is given by this expression; Number of levels = 2 ^ Bn (Bn is the number of bits used in the encoding) It was proven from the experiment that the higher the number of quantization levels the lesser the amount of quantizing noise. However this process of increasing the quantizing level to lower the quantizing noise introduces complexity into the system as the PCM system would need to be able to handle more code word. Companding It is a word derived from the combination of compressing and expanding. This is another stage in pulse–code modulation. It is a process of compressing a given analogue signal and this signal is expanded to its original size on getting to destination. In this process, the input signal is compressed into logarithmic segments and then quantized and coded. The more the signals increase the more the compression increases. Since the larger signals are compressed more than the smaller signals, the quantization noise increases. This indirectly keeps the SNR (signal to noise ratio) constant. EXPRERIMENTATION AND OBSERVATION Apparatus Oscilloscope PCM ENCODER module Connection cable The experiment was carried out by sending an input (analogue message) into the PCM ENCODER module. This input is constrained to a defined bandwidth and amplitude range in order to make sure the Nyquist criterion is observed. The PCM ENCODER module looks like the diagram below: A suitable encoding scheme for the analogue sample is selected. For example a 4-bit or 7-bit encoding scheme. The analogue signal is fed through the Vin. For this experiment, the clock rate us 8.33 kHz TTL signal from MASTER SIGNAL module. Time frame is also very essential as each binary word is located in a time frame. It’s 8 clock periods long and has 8 slots of equal length (i.e. 0 – 7). The LSB (consisting of 1’s and 0’s) are embedded in the encoder itself. This is useful in determining the location of each frame in the data stream. Initially the 4-bit linear coding scheme is selected and patched up with the 8.33 kHz TTL sample clock.CH-2A displays the clock signal on the oscilloscope. The display below shows a 4-bit PCM output for zero amplitude input; Quantization in PCM ENCODING is the next stage after sampling. The quantization level is rather transmitted instead of the sample value. The quantization levels are binary coded (i.e. binary ‘1’ in the presence of a pulse and binary ‘0’ in the absence of a pulse) RESULTS AND OBSERVATION The output of the variable DC is connected to Vin and sweeping the DC voltage slowly forward and backward shows discrete jumps in the data pattern, e.g. The maximum voltage is recorded as -2.51V.Also increasing the amplitude of the DC input signal looks like the diagram below; Changing the DC voltage from the maximum to minimum gave a range of binary code variations as listed below; The following measurements were later made after recording the quantizing levels and associated binary numbers; Sampling rate – 16.6 kHz Frame width – 950 µs Width of a data bit 120 µs Width of a data word 480 µs Number of quantizing level – 16 From the measurement above it could be concluded that the quantizing levels are linearly spaced .The same process would be applicable to a 7-bit linear encoding using the toggle switch on the front panel, though it would take longer than the 4-bit linear encoding done earlier. The Companding stage in a PCM is the process by which an analogue signal is been compressed at the source and then expanded back to its original size when it gets to its destination. During this process, the signal is compressed into segments which are quantized using uniform quantization. As the sample signal increases, the compression increases (i.e. the larger samples gets more compressed than the smaller samples). The standard of companding used in this experiment is the A-law .The equation is; Where A = 87.7 in Europe and X is the normalized integer to be compressed. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION The toggle switch is changed back to a 4-bit companding and the TIMs A4 companding law pre-selected is selected from the switch board. This gave the measurement below; In PCM decoding, the TIMs PCM DECODER module is used for decoding. This is the first operation in the receiver towards regenerating the received pulses. Amplitude of the pulse generated is the linear sum of all pulses in the coded word. In other to be able to recover the information on the PCM decoder, the knowledge of the sampling rate used to encode the signal is essential. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION The setup is similar to the earlier setup with CH-1A connected to the scope selector to the PCM output of the PCM ENCODER.A large negative DC is used for the message, the alternating ‘0’ and ‘1’ bits produced are measured to be 1920ms apart. The 4-bit linear decoding scheme is now selected to carry out the decoding process. The 8.33 kHz TTL signal is stolen from the transmitter and connected to the clock input. Time division multiplexing (TDM) is an alternative to the method of multiplexing using frequency sharing. Each channel is allocated a specific time slots, and each slots contain frames which must be repeated at the sampling rate. It can only be used for pulsed signals and not for analogue signals because they are continuous in time. The importance of TDM is that it enables many independent signals to be transmitted. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION A PCM TDM signal could be generated using PCM ENCODER; each driven by the same clock ( one the MASTER and the other SLAVE).Interconnecting in this way eliminates other frames and gives room for the two output to be added together to form the TDM signal. The display on the oscilloscope is shown below; The connection of the MASTER and the SLAVE generates the diagram below; Patching up the two PCM data outputs generates the display below; The next step which is shown below is to confirm that the frame synchronization bit is a ‘1’ for the MASTER and ‘0’ for the SLAVE The last stage of this experiment is to separate the two messages that have been multiplexed earlier. The PCM demodulator is patched up, with each module receiving the same clock stolen from the transmitter and each module also receives an external FS signal. The diagram below confirms the two messages have been recovered and appear at the correct outputs; CONCLUSION Pulse Code Modulation is however a very effective way of conveying audio signal by sampling the signal and transmitting binary coded pulse representing the sample values. It has emerged the most favored modulating scheme for transmitting analogue information such as voice and video signals. The advantages of PCM over the other forms of modulation (e.g. analogue modulation) are; PCM suppresses wideband noise. It is effective in the regeneration of the coded signal along the transmission path. It enables digital multiplexing. It enables the efficient exchange of increased channel bandwidth for improved signal-to-noise ratio. All these advantages however come at the expense of increased system complexity and increases channel bandwidth. REFERENCES http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/PCM.html [last accessed 25/03/08] http://cbdd.wsu.edu/kewlcontent/cdoutput/TR502/page13.htm [last accessed 25/03/08] http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/788/signalling/waveform_coding.pdf [last accessed 25/03/08] http://www.comlab.hut.fi/opetus/245/2004/09_PCM.ppt#20 [last accessed 25/03/08] Rodger E.Ziener and William H.Tranter, â€Å"Principles of Communication†, Chapter 3, John Wiley and sons, NY, 2002. Simon Haykin, â€Å"Communication Systems†, Chapter 3, John Wiley and sons, NY, 2001. David Petersen, â€Å"Audio, Video and Data Telecommunications†, Chapter 2, McGraw-Hill, Cambridge, 1992.

Essay --

3) There are many causes of child labour, but the biggest cause is money. People build factories in poor areas so that it would attract cheap labour which are the children that they target. Another cause is the lack of protection from the government; the businesses help the economy grow and make the country successful. If the government stops child labour, then the businesses may threaten to move to another country that would also welcome the chance to look good. The government is too greedy and is willing to put children’s lives in danger. Poverty is another reason for child labour. The many that are poor do not have enough money to support their children, so they do not send their children to school. The majority of people don’t have a house to live in, and they don’t have enough money to buy food. So since they don’t go to school, parents send them to work, or they sell their child for money. 4) Child labour effects the knowledge, economy and condtions of the children. When parents are in need of money, they stop their kids from going school and send them to work. The children the...

Adam smith :: Essays Papers

Adam smith Adam Smith, (1776), of the division of labor According to Adam Smith, economic growth is rooted in the increasing division of labor and the specialization of the labor force by the breaking down of large jobs into many little ones. Under this regime, each worker becomes an expert in one area of production and workers do not have to switch tasks during the day. This will increase efficiency by saving time and money. Smith illustrates his theory very well with an example of the production pins. He says that an individual could not make as many pins as he or she could produce concentrating on a single operation of its manufacture. Smith tells us that there are three reasons for this: First, the individual has improved dexterity in concentrating on a single task; Second, there is a disadvantage of expanding time changing from one task to another and third, the machines used are designed in a way to perform their task quickly and efficiently for that particular function. Adam smith's division of labor theory was very useful and was introduced into the factories of the 19th century with the assembly line technology. Almost any factory in our days considers the division of labor as a key element for efficiency and for increasing productivity. In the assembly lines of car factories for example, one worker or robot is specialized in assembling the interior, another is responsible for placing the engine, and a third is specialized with the installation of the gear box. However, one should not ignore the disadvantages of this theory. Adam Smith's theory considers men as robots and expects them to do the same task for their whole life. Adam smith :: Essays Papers Adam smith Adam Smith, (1776), of the division of labor According to Adam Smith, economic growth is rooted in the increasing division of labor and the specialization of the labor force by the breaking down of large jobs into many little ones. Under this regime, each worker becomes an expert in one area of production and workers do not have to switch tasks during the day. This will increase efficiency by saving time and money. Smith illustrates his theory very well with an example of the production pins. He says that an individual could not make as many pins as he or she could produce concentrating on a single operation of its manufacture. Smith tells us that there are three reasons for this: First, the individual has improved dexterity in concentrating on a single task; Second, there is a disadvantage of expanding time changing from one task to another and third, the machines used are designed in a way to perform their task quickly and efficiently for that particular function. Adam smith's division of labor theory was very useful and was introduced into the factories of the 19th century with the assembly line technology. Almost any factory in our days considers the division of labor as a key element for efficiency and for increasing productivity. In the assembly lines of car factories for example, one worker or robot is specialized in assembling the interior, another is responsible for placing the engine, and a third is specialized with the installation of the gear box. However, one should not ignore the disadvantages of this theory. Adam Smith's theory considers men as robots and expects them to do the same task for their whole life.

The Ideal Performance Management System Essay -- Management Performan

A comprehensive performance management system will be thorough, inclusive, practical, meaningful, reliable, open, ethical, and correctable among other qualities (Aguinis, 2013). Additionally, the process of managing performance will be an ongoing process to include processes such as coaching and employee development. An ideal performance management system will serve an organization by developing satisfied and competent employees who are actively engaged in aiding the organization to reach their strategic goals, mission, and vision. Consideration of an ideal performance management system for a college of business shall be discussed to include the organizational strategy, systems, implementation factors, and employee development components. Organizational Strategy The primary objective of performance management is to assist organizations to achieve their strategic goals (Aguinis, 2013). These strategies initiate from the organizations vision and mission statements (Johnson, 2013). The performance management system, if effectively developed, will join unit and individual goals with the overall organizational goals so that all parties are working to achieve the same purpose (Aguinis, 2013). An additional benefit can be derived from the performance management plan because it serves to secure employee engagement in the organizational objectives (Aguinis, 2013). At the College of Business, the organizational purpose, vision, and mission are modified to adequately serve these objectives. Organizational Purpose The College of Business is committed to success. The success of students is a primary focus of this organization as a school of business. As an AACSB accredited college, the organization stands well positio... ...ormance appraisal look like? Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 12(1), p. 57-71. Oberoi, M. & Rajgarhia, P. (2013). What your performance management system needs most. Retrieved from http://businessjournal.gallup.com/content/161546/performance-management-system-needs.aspx Society for Human Resource Management. (2012). Performance management: Can our company’s vision and values be reflected in our performance management system? Retrieved from http://www.shrm.org/TemplatesTools/hrqa/Pages/Canourcompany%E2%80%99svisionandvaluesbereflectedinourperformancemanagementsystem.aspx The Deming Institute. (2014). Theories and teachings. Retrieved from https://www.deming.org/theman/theories/fourteenpoints University of Cincinnati. (2013). Vision, mission, and core values. Retrieved from http://www.uc.edu/business/index/about-us/vision-mission-and-core-values.html

Social Networking: Good or Bad?

Gage Stielau Comp I December 7th, 2012 Social Networking: Good or Bad? Social Networking is any way of communication through the internet medium. It has many ups and downs and in todays society it seems almost mandatory to have one, but in reality it is always your choice whether to have one or not. In this paper I will discuss The positives and negatives of today’s most popular way of communication. I will also be discussing my personal opinion towards Social Networking and give some advice for any riding the fence on whether or not to have one.Social Networking can have a very positive influence on society. Many people who lack adequate social skills use places like Facebook to make friends and socialize. Dating sites allow for people to meet and start healthy relationships with people who they share common interests. Many social networks allow estranged friends to reconnect after many years of being apart. Pretty much any social network can be free advertising for a company that creates a page. Creates opportunities for professionals to network and cooperated more efficiently.There are many more pros to social networking that are not even mentioned in this paper. Now on the other hand, there can also be many negatives to getting your own social networking page. Without proper knowledge of privacy settings, all of a person’s personal information can be known by anyone who is accepted as a friend on Facebook or follows you on Twitter. Anyone can be practically internet stalked by someone who has mediocre internet skills. People are also less caring about what they say due to a feeling of anonymousness.People also feel distanced from friends on Facebook so they think that there will be no repercussions for their internet activities. It also allows bullies to follow their targets no matter where they are in the world. The bully’s tools are now handheld in the forms of cell phones. Social networks also lead to less active lifestyles. Most peo ple think if they can communicate with their friends from the comfort of their own homes, then what is the need to go outside? Also social media is a source of wasted time. This wasted time can lead to a lack of productivity in an office setting.Many colleges check to see your social networking history, so that means one wrong post can lead to a rejection letter from your top school choice. The negatives may outweigh the positives in many different aspects of social networking. In my opinion, social media is awesome is and has helped our society in a number of ways. But don’t get a social network because someone told you to, do it because you want to. Always make sure make smart choices on social media and practice safety my activating privacy features. So in conclusion, I feel that social networking has many ups and downs, but I feel the positives tower over the negativity.

Kant on Suicide Essay

4. Explain and critically assess Kant’s argument that one has a duty to preserve one’s own life. As rational beings Kant believes we have a categorical duty of self-preservation to not wilfully take our own lives. Kant talks in depth about duty and believes we should act out of respect for the moral law. The will is the only inherent good, as we are only motivated by duty and nothing else. We should act only out of demands of the law, not from inclination, desires or to achieve a particular goal. Duty dictates we should never act or will something if we do not want it to become a universal law. Kant was against any form of suicide. He strongly believed that: in taking a life you treat humanity merely as a means to an end. Kant wouldn’t be interested in the suffering or pain caused to even a person who was terminally ill and wanted to end their life, nor would he take into consideration the family/friends suffering. In this essay I will be arguing that if we follow the categorical imperative it is immoral to sacrifice a life because it involves treating humanity merely as a means to an end. I will examine John Hardwig’s counter argument that we should end our own lives if more pain and suffering is caused by prolonging it/living it even if we are no longer a rational being. We must understand that Kant is saying; if I make a maxium e. g. – ‘if I am in unbearable suffering, I should take my own life’ – it must meet the universal law and be applied to everyone. Kant believes we ought to preserve our own lives because it is our moral duty (it is necessary and universal). John Hardwig however, would argue we also have the right to end our lives. Kant would dismiss this because ultimately humans are the bearers of rational life (e. g. it is too sacred to sacrifice). Suicide fails Kant’s Categorical Imperative on the following grounds: It seeks to shorten a life that promises more troubles than please, this would be killing yourself out of self-love; when in fact the real aim would be to live a life worth living, with more pleasure than difficulties. Kant isn’t claiming that it’s impossible for everyone to commit suicide or for everyone to will it (and therefore it becoming a universal law). He believes ‘it would not exist as nature; hence the maxim cannot obtain as a law of nature’. (Immanuel Kant, The Groundwork of the methaphysics of morals, Mary Gregor and Jens Timmermann, Cambridge University 2012, p45 emphasis added). Here Kant seems to be suggesting that suicide isn’t a natural path of life; that it goes against our purpose and that it’s a contradiction to end your life when your goal would be to have an enjoyable life. The idea that the destruction of life is incompatible with improvement suggests that nature couldn’t/wouldn’t allow self-love to be used in a way that is contrary to its purpose. There is surely an obviously contradiction here; in ending one’s life to prevent suffering, one is using one’s life mere means to an end, which automatically fails the categorical imperative. Take the case of Maria Von Herbert- she is clearly appealing to Kant, if under any circumstances; suicide is morally acceptable? He isn’t as blatant with her as in his writings, but let us not forget, Kant doesn’t see woman as rational beings. I agree with Rae Langton that Kant totally bypasses the reason Herbert is writing to him. He doesn’t confront her on suicide but instead reduces her problem to a moral dilemma (regrets lying or telling the truth ), which as an intelligent woman whom has read all his writings; she could work out for herself. Could this have made Kant certain that she did lie and therefore fail the kingdom of ends? Perhaps Kant is being hypocritical; he doesn’t tell Maria the whole truth of suicide merely reducing her to ‘a thing’. He tells Maria she should be ‘ashamed’ for not telling the truth to her former friend but, doesn’t this apply for himself too? Is he just avoiding the truth (states this is just as bad a lying) by not confronting her about suicide? Most likely he wants her to be autonomous and get to the reason herself. Hardwig disagrees with Kant. Take a different situation; Is a terminally ill person-needing 24/7 care, who is entirely financially reliant- only using their family as a means to an end? You can see this as a ‘two way street’ situation. Kant doesn’t look to consequences of an action; it wouldn’t matter to his philosophy that the ill person’s family suffers because they are preserving their life. But is there a flaw? (1) I ought to do my duty as long as I am alive; and (2) It is my duty to go on living as long as possible. Kant strongly believes that you can’t affirm life by taking your own. There is only one exception. Kant claims those who die in battle are ‘victims of fate’ (not simply suicide because they chose to fight). He holds the view that it is better to die in battle than to die of a wound in hospital. Kant believes it’s noble to risk our lives for others- nobody uses us as mere means and we follow our own maxium. We are no longer forced into serving for our country or deceived into joining (if this did happen it would fail the CI because we wouldn’t be treated as rational beings and would be used as mere means and not as ends in ourselves). John Hardwig strongly believes that life should be treated no differently from death. We are free to live in the way we want, so why aren’t we free to die in the way we want (when and how)? He also switches the question but Kant would simply say we have a duty to live. Hardwig has also argued that medical advances eliminate the threats of many terminal illnesses. He then concludes, if our continued existence creates signi? cant hardship for our loved ones, we have a duty to die. By continuing a live of suffering the burden that this person imposes on others is often great. One may have the duty to die in order to relieve them of these burdens. This argument seems to be based on fairness. Kant would refute this; suffering is a tool of reasoning and it ensures the development of mankind. Kant strongly believes that we should preserve our own lives. The argument though strong is flawed. 1- All duties are absolute- Kant doesn’t advise us on how to resolve conflicting duty (for example: help others vs. never kill). 2- He discounts moral emotions like compassion, sympathy, desire and remorse as appropriate and ethical motives for action. 3- Kant completely ignores the consequences of an action and is purposefully blind to following circumstances. He states that human life is valuable because humans are the bearers of rational life. We have the great capacity to think, organize, plan etc. and Kant holds this as being valuable. Therefore we should not sacrifice this for anything (as previously discussed autonomous creatures should not be treated merely as a means or for the happiness of another). There are also great issues with Hardwigs counter argument; if we agree that we have the duty to die; who has the duty to die? When do they have they duty to die? Although this argument is strong is some areas (greater burden), it is greatly flawed. It would be extremely difficult to universalize a maxium for everyone to follow so they could decide if at that moment they had the duty to die. A problem would also occur if the family disagreed with the ill person’s decision, which could cause great problems within society (though Kant would not look to consequences but they are greatly important to Hardwigs argument). I believe –and agree with Kant- that if we follow the categorical imperative it is immoral to sacrifice anyone at all (including yourself) because it involves treating the humanity in that person as merely a means to an end. I also accept and agree with his point that it seems to go against our purpose and is an unnatural path for us to take a life. I find it interesting that Kant believes suffering is a tool of development and therefore essential to us. Though John Hardwigs argument is partly convincing, if we were all given the choice of when we should die, would we find the right time? This would be very hard to govern, as people would of course take advantage of this right. I’ve found it hard to find a counter argument to Kant’s stance -without suffering there wouldn’t be cures and perhaps less happiness. Therefore I have to agree with Kant that it only allows us to grow and develop. Thus we do have the duty to preserve our own lives even if it is riddled with suffering.

Guiding students from cheating and plagiarism to honesty and integrity: Strategies for change Essay

In all academic institutions and related fields, it is required that all undertakings take place with one upholding academic integrity. Academic integrity is defined as the ethical policy or moral code of academia. The values include the aspects of avoiding plagiarism, avoiding cheating, being honest and rigorous in academic publishing and research as well as maintaining academic standards. These are the main aspects though the same will be presented in different formats by different institutions in their fight against any form of academic dishonesty (Bertram et al., 2008). Plagiarism is an integral part of academic integrity. It is demanded that all forms of plagiarism be avoided. Though still lacking clear definitions and clear rules, plagiarism is defined as the wrong appropriation as well as stealing and publicizing another writer’s ideas, thoughts, language or expression with the representation of the same as one’s own unique work. In the industry and academia, plagiarism is a major ethical offense that constitutes copyright infringement (Lancaster & Waryold, 2008). Plagiarism involves many aspects. The various components include the major one which is copying ideas or words from another without giving credit. Another plagiarism component is handing in someone else work as one’s own. Plagiarism also involves provision of incorrect information on a given source of quotation. Another aspect is failing to insert quotations on quotation marks. Plagiarism also involves the copying of many ideas or words from a given source making up majority of one’s work whether giving credit or not. Another component of plagiarism is the changing of words in a sentence but copying the sentence structure of the source without giving credit. Apart from academia, other components of plagiarism exist in art and journalism. It involves the use of video, image or pieces of music in some produced work without providing the appropriate citation or having received proper permission. Other aspects involve the scanning of a copyrighted image. The recreation of v isual work in a different medium is also considered as plagiarism. One is also said to plagiarize if they recreate some visual work in same medium. One is also not supposed to record video or audio with copyrighted video or music playing in the background or else it will be taken as plagiarism. The performance of another person’s copyrighted music in art is also labeled as plagiarism. Another component of plagiarism in art is composing pieces in music which borrow heavily from another person’s composition. With the rise of the internet, plagiarism on this platform has taken the form of content scraping which is the copying and pasting from blogs and websites (Lathrop & Foss, 2005). The most effective strategy to avoid plagiarism is to properly cite the sources. One needs to acknowledge that a part of their material is borrowed. One should then proceed to provide the appropriate audience with the necessary information to find the source. For art and journalism, the strategy to prevent the plagiarism of copyrighted items involves citing them in the proper way and confirming works usage permission. For the internet, to prevent copy-pasting, one of the strategy is to disable the right clicking option. The other is the placement of warning banners on copyrights on the web pages (Lathrop & Foss, 2005). To ensure academic integrity, there are various sources of assistance for students. One of the avenues is to ask for help from the course instructors. Students can also use graduate advisors or academic advisors in respective academic departments for assistance with any academic work. Faculty members can also provide assistance by approving any research assistance that will be accorded to the students. Some academic institutions also have academic resource centers to help students with research work (Lancaster & Waryold, 2008). References Bertram, G. T., In Ward, K., In Wolf-Wendel, L. E., & Association for the Study of Higher Education. (2008).  Academic integrity in the 21st century: A teaching and learning imperative. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass. Lancaster, J. M., & Waryold, D. M. (2008).  Student conduct practice: The complete guide for student affairs professionals. Sterling, Va: Stylus Pub. Lathrop, A., & Foss, K. (2005).  Guiding students from cheating and plagiarism to honesty and integrity: Strategies for change. Westport, Conn: Libraries Unlimited Source document

Plato’s Theory of Forms Essay

Plato’s Theory of Forms basically states that Forms of objects represent the greatest and most fundamental form of reality and are not simply the objects or materials that people perceive through sensation. Forms are basically the highest level of reality that cannot be understood and defined through merely using the human senses. Instead, one has to grasp the essence of the thing itself in order to understand its form (University of Washington, 2006). In other words, forms are things or objects of reality that cannot be defined by simply touching, smelling, tasting, seeing, or hearing them, but, as Plato states in his theory, by getting acquainted with them. For example, â€Å"A† is lady and â€Å"B† is a statue and both A and B are beautiful. Assuming that this is a true statement, it can be deduced that both the woman and the statue share a common property which is beauty. Since they are both beautiful, Plato calls this common property as â€Å"beauty itself,† which is different from the individual beauty of the woman and the statue. In short, as Plato states in this theory, one can only say that â€Å"the woman is beautiful† or â€Å"the statue is beautiful† if and only if he or she has a prior acquaintance with beauty itself, which they can identify with the woman or the statue. Plato’s theory of forms is basically substantiated by two evidences which are the argument based from human perception and the argument based from perfection. The argument from human perception basically states that one can perceive or describe two objects as being the same or sharing the same property because they have a basic idea of what that property is (Bratman et al. 2006). The best way to illustrate this argument is the example of the woman and the statue stated above. The argument from perfection, on the other hand, basically states that there exists an ideal or perfect form of an object which serves as the guide or concept for one to perceive or describe something. Although this ideal or perfect form may not be seen, it gives a person an idea of how to describe the property of a certain object (Bratman et al. , 2006). For example, no one has ever drawn or seen a perfect circle or a perfectly straight line. However, everyone knows what a perfect circle and a perfectly straight line really is. In other words, although the circles and lines that people see are not perfectly circular or perfectly straight, they have an idea of what their ideal forms are because these serve as guides for them when they draw or perceive the circle or the straight line. Furthermore, possibly the best illustration of Plato’s theory of forms is his Allegory of the Cave. In the Allegory of the Cave, Plato tells the story of prisoners in a cave only see the shadows of objects in front of them. As these shadows move and change form, the prisoners describe them and name them based on their shape or appearance. For example, if the shadow’s shape is like a dog, they would say that they are seeing a dog. Basically, following Plato’s theory of forms, like the perfect circle and the perfectly straight line, the reason that the prisoners are able to name the shadows based on their shapes is because they have an idea of their ideal form. In other words, although they see only shadows, they are still able to name them based on their appearance because they know their true forms.

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Sociology - Essay Example This paper intends to focus on the influence of gender on life chances. Gender has a highly significant influence on life chances of an individual. Gender refers to ideas and practices that are socially determined concerning the significance of being male or female. This is clear from the past changes in the attitudes of both men and women, which are witnessed through the changes in roles played by them especially in relation to marriage, employment, and rearing of children. â€Å"Gender ideology was a crucial determinant of women's experiences in the early republic. Although new market imperatives made women's labor increasingly valuable to household survival (writ small) and capitalist production (writ large), older patriarchal arrangements continued to limit the opportunities of working women† (Rockman, 1816). The activities and attitudes of men and women are different and this is not natural but is taught through primary socialization when they were children. This is furth er contributed by secondary socialization when they grow up. ... The family is an integrative and dynamic unit that can provide the foundation for one’s core values and belief systems (Haralambos and Holborn 2000)† (McQuillan & Ravanera, 2006, p 160). The family influence can be quite high during childhood days. Gender discrimination starts from early ages as boys and girls are treated differently by their parents. A girl child is often expected to do housework. Besides female children are given lesser freedom and parents usually remain protective of them. Schools also influence in increasing the discrimination between male and female children. Similarly, peer group also determines children’s behavior in certain ways. At school females are good at studies at school levels and the number of girls going to universities is higher than that of boys. But when it comes to earnings, males generally receive higher income than females. Similarly, the numbers of women who do part time jobs are higher and, again, in most cases, they recei ve lower salary than their counterparts, because these jobs fit their home and family commitments. It is also seen that women are heading most of the single parent families. A majority of them are widows and this is mainly because the life expectation of women is higher than men. These factors contribute to an increase in the rate of poverty and the burden of this falls on women. Thus, the power and supremacy automatically transfer to the hands of men. Patriarchy is a sexual system characterized by male superiority over power and economic privilege. â€Å"Patriarchy places limits on the achievements of women and reduces the value of the feminine by picturing women as limited human beings, the opposite of privileged and capable men. Women are the majority of the unemployed. Men

Building a Personal Learning Network Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Building a Personal Learning Network - Essay Example Accessing the social networks through the e-mail, twitter feeds blogs and linked-in is one of the best ways for a learner to share his interests with others (Grantham, 2012). To foster new connections in these social sites there are many ways that learners can consider. Question1: Text you might include in a professional profile, which you could use on a social media site (like Twitter, or LinkedIn) to identify yourself and your interests for those who might be interested in following you or joining your PLN The text a person may use in a professional profile on social sites may be informative, controversial or inappropriate. The best texts to use would be to include text which is informative on a learner’s professional profile. For example, posting texts containing personal updates, religious or political views and cat pictures among other forms of updates that are not related to learning is strongly discouraged. To establish stronger relationships with other people included in the PLN, it would be wise to use words that are inspirational or informative. Texts such as â€Å"learner’s guide to successful studying† or â€Å"ways of succeeding in school† are some of the examples that one can use in their professional profiles. Another way to create new connections would be to give texts that explain what twitter is or Linked-in to the people the learner interacts with in their professional pages. Explaining the benefits of using the social sites would attract more people to create a learning network. For example, using texts such as â€Å"social profiles like Linked-in not only connect learners to other professionals, but it is also a useful tool in business† is useful. Question 3: For each person or group, give a brief (1-2 paragraphs) rationale for why you would include the person or group in your PLN. Then, give a 1- to 2-paragraph description of the process by which

Emergencey management paramedic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Emergencey management paramedic - Essay Example American’s long held assumptions of security were shaken to the core, superseded by widespread feelings of person vulnerability and ushered in the era of homeland security. In New York City, the attack resulted in the collapse of the Twin Towers and killed 2756 civilians (Hirschkorn, 2003). These events have also had significant social and economic consequences, to include extensive property damage as well as serious and extensive financial disruption. 146,000 jobs were lost in New York City due to the attacks (Westfeldt, 2002). From the perspective of national healthcare, the events of September 11th generated public health, including mental health consequences of unparalleled proportions. Catastrophic events have far-reaching effects on social infrastructure. Disruption of life ways, vital resources, and services cause significant change in social system operations and behavior. Community disaster response may be organized and effective or disorganized and in some cases, nonexistent. Human resources are diverted from routine work functions to disaster relief operations. Disaster recovery, the long-term process of community restoration is a problem-solving process that includes not only planning for reconstruction and return to economic solvency, but also sustaining community health (Gad-el-Hak, 2008). Inequities in the distribution of social and material resources can adversely affect disaster recovery and community health. The 9-11 disaster posed unprecedented and unique challenges to the U.S. emergency management infrastructure. However, unlike less developed nations, the U.S. has the social and economic capital as well as the technology to build a defensive infrastructure for mitigation of disaster threats and provision for relief and recovery operations to its citizenry. The scope of involvement of American social institutions includes such activities as emergency preparedness, hazard mitigation,

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 37

Personal statement - Essay Example Also, some employers want workers who they can indoctrinate in their ways (Niles & Bowlsbey, 2013). The success of in-house training depends on employees’ self-awareness. A know-it-all attitude reveals a lack of self-awareness. Self-awareness reflects humility and character, two attributes valued by employers. I have learned my understanding of my strengths, weaknesses, core attributes, and motivation is not as deep as it should be. I need to develop a comprehensive awareness of my attributes so that I can create a sound blueprint to guide my personal and professional growth. I have also learned that I need to improve my presentation skills so that I can communicate clearly and concisely. For example, I noticed from the feedback that some of my points were not well-articulated despite covering them in detail. Some points were overemphasised, and this led to vagueness in some sections. The feedback has shown me I need to convince my audience in the shortest time possible but still maintain relevance. I could have provided better evidence by reflecting on my experiences. I could also have provided better evidence by employing the SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound) technique of communication. All examples, arguments, and supporting statements should have been constructed to relate to the wider context of my paper. The paper should have had a flow to it so that the content in the first section complement the other parts of the paper and give it a solid core that any audience can quickly identify with. Finally, I should have provided included statements and phrases that keep readers engaged as they study the paper. Firstly, I plan to interact with as many practitioners as possible so that I can build a professional network of contacts that I can refer to when looking for employment. Networking has been proven to be a highly effective method of improving employability.

Main Location Criteria for Retail and Service Businesses Research Paper

Main Location Criteria for Retail and Service Businesses - Research Paper Example A careful and wise decision to choose a convenient and right location is critical to building competitive advantages too (Zimmerer, Scarborough and Wilson, 2008, p. 515). Retail stores and restaurants have to be located near to customers so that they can reach to the business easily, whereas manufacturers may find locations remote from the customer base in order to be cost-effective due to the availability of raw materials, availability of labor, taxes, regulation and overhead costs (Pinson and Jinnett, 2006, p. 39). It shows different business enterprises will be influenced by location element differently. Nearness to customers is highly important and critical to creating a competitive advantage for small retail whereas being remote from the customers to take cost-effective advantages is a way to achieve competitive advantage to the large manufacturers. A retail business that attracts a large number of customers due to its nearness to the people will obviously enjoy more advantages than its competitor who is away from customers and finds less number of customers. As Pakroo and Pakroo (2008) emphasized, the entrepreneurs are required to figure out how a particular location selection will or will not contribute to the success of the business and how it makes economic sense (p. 50). The location will make economic sense when it is really going to pay to the entrepreneur and generate more earnings than in the case if the business is located in some other locations. For a real estate business, the best three things are ‘location, location, and location. Katz and Green (2009) hold an opinion that the same is true with a small and service business too (p. 357). Location is meaningful when it is a good location for business so as to attract a number of visitors. Katz and Green (2009) emphasized that a good location is in fact highly dependent on the budget an entrepreneur can afford, the business philosophy and marketing niche he is seeking (p. 357).   Ã‚  

African and american politics of social change Essay - 1

African and american politics of social change - Essay Example Before the era of the civil rights movement, there was no existing political or social movement in America with profound effects on the political and legal institution (Wendy, 2008). The civil right movement sought to restore the missing and the violated rights of the black people living in America as guaranteed by the fourteenth and fifteens amendment. The movement altered the relation between the state and the federal government; this is because many of the times the federal government was forced to enforce laws protecting the black people in America. The civil right movement resulted to the reemergence of the judiciary in America; this included the Supreme Court whose role was to protect the individual liberties against the majority power. Even with the incredible progress from this movement, the existing racialism and inequity between the black and the white proved difficult to eliminate. With the progress, the blacks still faced lower wages, racial discrimination, and their neighborhoods still had higher crime rates. For the younger black the movement was too mainstream to generate the intended social changes, they wanted something that could give blacks th e same opportunities as the whites both economically and socially. They felt that the movement comprised more of the white perceptions than the black perception. The head for the civil rights movement was reverend martin Luther king; he was also the head of the "southern Christian leadership conference." (Wendy, 2008) The black power movement, on the other hand, rose mainly after the civil rights movement gained momentum, this in the early 960s going on. The movement marked the turning point for the differing relationships between the blacks and the whites in the United States of America. The movement had some proactive and positive force which aimed at helping

Existentialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Existentialism - Essay Example 1. Abstract: Summary or overview of the paper 2. Introduction: An expository and informative pro and cons of existentialism 3. Arguments in support of existentialism 4. Criticism or arguments against existentialism 5. Conclusion. Abstract The purpose of this paper is to underscore the argument for and against existentialism. Even though advocates of existentialism lament that philosophy should begin with individual thinking which is the cornerstone of his or her existence, it’s also prudent to state that individual morals as well as reason and experience does not alone define the true character and origin of a person. This is the thesis of this philosophical movement. The experience one under goes determines the resultant character of that person until that person absurdly perishes. These are among other things that the author explores to understand more about existentialism. The paper is divided into an abstract, as a summary of the author’s intended research goals, in troduction of the topic arguments for and against existentialism and a conclusion of the findings. The author concludes that there is no specific definition of existentialism but it is merely a bundle of ideas that tries to marry Christianity and atheism. It is therefore, a quasi-human secularism philosophy divided into Atheist and theist existentialism. This marriage has so far received considerable criticisms and the writer agrees that it does not justify the philosophical means attached to it. The rationale supporting is that existentialism is more inclined to secular humanism that Christianity and thus theism existentialism has no place in this human philosophy. Introduction The term existentialism is an idealistic doctrine which appeals to individual freedom and responsibility in determining personal actions and motivations. It rests upon the presupposition that â€Å"essence precedes existence† (Sartre 387). Once man appears on the scene, he determines his existence (Sa rtre 388). This philosophy is strongly opposed to the traditional thinking that in search for truth, man appeals rationalism plus empiricism yet you cannot divorce reason and experience from philosophical and human development. These two brains development are sarcastically motivated and have much origin in theism than existentialism. Whereas existentialists developed their thinking based on reason together with experience, all these are a cornerstone of traditional theism. It is agreeable that reason plus experience have linkages with theistic existentialism. And whereas it presupposes that the scientific plus moral ideas cannot sufficiently explain â€Å"human existence† without individual subjective responsibility, collective responsibility cannot also be ignored either. Accordingly, it is a self-descriptive thinking theory of determining one’s own way of life and responsibility than the will of external thinking or force motivated by moral values. Besides, it negat ives the rule of law in society which is divisionary because society without rule on law is a dead society, undemocratic and ungovernable. These advocates are morally dead men looking of moralists to devour. However, this is the ideal of reason, empiricism and freedom to effectively think about what is right and wrong, which are typical moral virtues. It’s a philosophy with no definite definition but its meaning is gathered from the ideas and classical illustrations of philosophers such as â€Å"