The Components Of Music ( An Educational Essay About What...

Components of Music (An educational essay about what makes up music) There are many different essential parts or components of music. Music is more than just notes on a page or any common song one may hear on the radio. Music is very complex and there are various components of it that makes it what it is. Music is an essential part of a countless number of people’s lives in the world today. Music serves as therapy, relaxation, a focus component and many other things that rectify the wrongs in the live’s of people all over the world. Nobody can say that they had not had a musical experience. One may say that the unfortunate that are deaf have not had musical experiences. In reality deaf people feel the vibrations of music everyday and it†¦show more content†¦The elements of music contain many categories and subcategories that cannot exist without each other. Stanley Sadie states that music â€Å"has been defined as ‘organized sound’† (Sadie 14). The word â€Å" organized† here is a bit understated. Music is the most organized of all the arts. If music are not organized correctly, it will not sound right or even be able to be played at times. Even in the most technical and complicated genres like Jazz there is still organized. In solos there has to be organized or the solo won’t sound good, throw off the rest of the band, and do many other things that would make a piece of music not enjoyable to listen to. Sadie states all elements of music. He talks of notation which include pitch, octaves, scales, and intervals. Next there is rhythm which includes pulse/tempo, meter, notation of rhythm, and time/meter signatures. Then he gets into the melody of music which is where the notation and rhythm play out, he involves in melody the subcategory of cadence. Cadence is better defined as â€Å"a melodic or harmonic configuration that creates a sense of resolution [finality or pause]† (Randel). He then goes onto key/tonality which consists of tonic, dominant; key signatures; major, minor; modulation; and modes. He covers harmony which comprises chords, triads and consonance and dissonance. Counterpoint/polyphony is his next element which incorporates imitation. His last musical element that he covers is

William Shakespeare s Merchant Of Venice - 2351 Words

William Shakespeare has written many plays with tragic endings, happy endings, and everything in between. One of his plays, Merchant of Venice, is considered a comedy for its resolve of marriage, fortune, and wellbeing of its main characters. Except for one. This character, Shylock, is the sole force pushing the play as a conflicted characters, and he is depicted as the villain of the play. The events that take place in the story leave Antonio with a happy ending, but a much more grim, destructive and crushing forfeiture for Shylock, which when boiled down and considered leaves a much darker happily ever after than thought for this play, which is why this play is best understood as a tragedy because the heart of the story is not the tale of the static Antonio, but rather the rise and fall of Shylock, the perceived villain, and money lender of Venice. Shylock’s rise and fall through the entire story reflects the play as a tragedy through Antonio’s relentless abuse towards Shylock with the devastating end of Shylock not having justice, Shylock losing of his daughter Jessica when he’s only trying to protect her, and Shylock losing everything during the trial scene where the law is manipulated to be in Antonio’s favor. To begin, Antonio’s abuse towards Shylock previously and presently in the play contributes heavily to the feeling of defeat when Antonio unjustly wins the trial, and only adds to the pain and suffering he has already experienced from Antonio. This abuse, ruthless,Show MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare s comedy The Merchant of Venice uses contrasting religions to draw out major themes through the ethnic divides that are exemplified. The play expresses the extreme cultural divide between the Jews and Christians through a legal contract between two men. The rivalry between the two men, Shylock and Antonio is clear from the beginning of the play and only intensifies as it continues on. Modern day readers most likely take away a slightly different message from the play than whatRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1320 Words   |  6 Pagesghetto, and were treated as inferior to the rest of the city. William Shakespeare’s play The Merchant of Venice exhibits the prejudicial attitudes of his era. Antonio, a Christian merchant, makes a deal with Shylock, a Jewish moneylender. Shylock uses it as an opportunity to exact revenge by demanding a pound of Antonio’s flesh if he does not meet his end of the bargain. By pitting the majority of his characters against Shylock, Shakespeare portrays Shylock in a way that discriminates against all JewsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice2269 Words   |  10 PagesSamantha Hansen ENG 314 Brother Brugger 12.15.14 The Question of Shylock It is hard to read The Merchant of Venice without finding at least one character to sympathize with. The unforgettable villain Shylock as well as Portia, Shakespeare’s first and one of his most famous heroines are arguably some of this plays most beloved characters. But, is Shylock really the villain? Or is he a victim of circumstance? Shylock’s insistence for a pound of flesh has made him one of literatures most memorableRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1970 Words   |  8 Pagesthe titles are reflective of the protagonists featured within. For example, the famous titles of Julius Caesar and Hamlet tell the tragedies of those respective characters. However, when it comes to William Shakespeare’s fourteenth play, The Merchant of Venice, it can be argued that Antonio, the merchant, is not who the play is about. In fact, there is not just one character, but instead multiple that fit the description of the protagonist. The main plot, or rather p lots, of the play revolve aroundRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1315 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare the play is based upon the hierarchy between Christian men and Jewish men. A character by the name of Bassanio borrows money from his friend Antonio, and Antonio borrows the money from Shylock to give to Bassanio. Eventually, Antonio cannot pay the money back because his ships have supposedly sunk. Therefore, he comes close to death because he signed a bond with Shylock stating that Shylock would get a pound of his flesh if the bond was not repaidRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1532 Words   |  7 Pagesuseless dialogue can make readers skip over what seems like a false beginning to a good story. But think about this: what if those seemingly lengthy, extra, useless words were actually important? For example, the opening 115 lines of William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice are provide minimal support to the story at first glance. In these lines, Antonio and his friends are discussing the dynamics of happiness and sadness in order to find the root of Antonio’s sad mood. This portion of the play givesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Merchant Of Venice988 Words   |  4 PagesAs I finished reading Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare, I realized that the struggle of the play gyrates around whether justice is truly served and is morality advocated or manipulated by those in authority. The struggle between the principles of justice have caused many readers to question the interaction between the definition of morality and justice. The bond that causes readers to take a closer look throughout the play originates from Shylock’s desire for vengeance and Antonio’s desireRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1532 Words   |  7 Pagesfundamentalist Americans. The ills of money-lending from the Eastern perspective have been fodder for Western literature for centuries, replete with illustrations that mirror the differences and similarities in East-West cultural norms. In William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, money-lending has gone awry. In Act I, Scene iii, the Italian Antonio seeks to borrow 3,000 ducats from the Jewish Shylock, and Shylock intends to charge him interest, which is against Jewish economic-religious principles (BateRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice is so alike to our financially afflicted world. The rules of law and commerce are subject to deceptive manipulation, fear of the other overwhelms respect for a common humanity, duplicity is the norm, sexuality is a vehicle for ambition, and money drives and wraps almost every action. It is a classic tale that includes important details of the financial crisis in the Unit ed States during 2007-2009. Shakespeare’s Venice, like the New York of his time - and theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice2059 Words   |  9 Pagesin The Merchant of Venice resembles a folktale known as â€Å"A Pound of Flesh† (325). Artese supports his supposition with background context and parallels between the two story lines. Literary versions of the pound of flesh story circulated during the sixteenth century and were collected since the nineteenth century because of the plot’s longevity and populairity Shakespeare would have been familiar with pound of flesh stories (326). Human commodification is a central issue in both The Merchant of Venice

Othello Essay Research Paper Character Analysis of free essay sample

Othello Essay, Research Paper Character Analysis of Othello In the drama Othello, the character of Othello has certain traits which make him look naif and unworldly compared to many other people. This is why Iago, to acquire his merely wagess uses him as a whipping boy. Iago told Roderigo, # 8221 ; O, sir, content you. I follow him [ Othello ] to function my bend upon him # 8220 ; ( I, one lines 38-9 ) . Iago is stating, he merely follows Othello to a point, and upon making it he will non follow him any longer. Iago has opened my eyes to see the existent significance of fraudulence. No affair what, Iago will seek to take advantage of Othello any clip and he will be easy lead to believe the prevarications of Iago. The Moor, as many Venetians call him, is of strong character. He is really proud and in control of every move throughout the drama. The control is non merely of power but of the sense of his being who he is, a great warrior. In Act I, Othello has a hassle with Brabantio, who has come to kill him, but before anything could go on Othello said, # 8220 ; Keep your custodies, both of you of my inclination and the remainder. Were it my cue to contend, I should hold known it without a prompter # 8221 ; ( I, ii, lines 80-3 ) . The power shown here is rather dumbfounding. The nature of Othello # 8221 ; s character is of a dark adult male. A dark adult male, non merely because he is black, but besides because his whole individual is really cryptic. He is cryptic in that he believes there is charming brewing everyplace. With this dark side he is besides really outgoing, and non really brilliantly. He isn # 8221 ; t observant and the strategies of Iago work good on him. Though he doesn # 8221 ; t reflect excessively much on his yesteryear, except occasional ventures of wars fought, he does allow his emotions run his life. For all the dangers and brushs he has been involved in, this adult male is still naif of the corruptness of other persons. Othello has a trustful nature in which he gives it all. He put all his trust in Iago during times of war and during Othello # 8221 ; s matrimony to Desdemona. This wasn # 8221 ; t really bright of Othello, even if he wasn # 8221 ; T swearing or more corrupt he still wouldn # 8221 ; t recognize Iago was lying. Everyone considered Iago as honest, and would be out of character for Othello to believe any different. For illustration, Othello had told the Duke, # 8220 ; So delight your grace, my antediluvian ; A adult male he is of honestness and trust. To his conveyance I assign my married woman, With what else needed your good grace shall believe, To be sent after me # 8221 ; ( I, three, lines 284-8 ) . The control over any state of affairs is one Othello # 8221 ; s strong features. Through the whole first act you can visualize a adult male so much power and natural leading and when he changes you can non believe it. For illustration, when Lodovico had witnessed Othello hit Desdemona, he said: # 8220 ; Is this the baronial Moor whom our full Senate Name all in all sufficient? Is this the nature Whom passion could non agitate? whose solid virtuousness The shooting of accident nor dart of opportunity could neither crop nor pierce # 8221 ; ( IV, I, lines 264-8 ) ? While Iago, being the honest adult male he is, replies: # 8220 ; He # 8221 ; s that he is, I may non take a breath my animadversion. What he might be ( if, what he might, he is non ) I would to heaven he were # 8221 ; ( IV, I, lines 270-2 ) . Another topographic point where Shakspere shows Othello taking control over a state of affairs is when Cassio and Montano are contending after Roderigo antagonized him. These words Othello said are of import now, but they will be more of import subsequently when he is entirely with Desdemona in their sleeping room. He will state: # 8220 ; Now , by Eden, My blood begins my safer ushers to govern, And passion, holding my best opinion collied, Assaies to take the manner. If I once stir Or make but raise this arm, the best of you Shall sink in my reproof # 8221 ; ( II, three, lines 203-8 ) . You must experience sorrow for Othello because with all the power he has and the eternal trust he gives, you try to make out and demo him the truth. By holding his antediluvian or friend, Honest Iago bring him the intelligence of his married woman # 8221 ; s bad wonts. Othello had no alternate but to believe him. If any adult male was brought intelligence of this type they would certainly travel off the deep terminal. Iago non merely told him but he told him in a manner that it was hard non to believe. He didn # 8221 ; t state a twosome who have been married for old ages, and who would cognize the likes and disfavors of one another, but he told a freshly wed twosome. Othello didn # 8221 ; t truly cognize Desdemona before they were married. Othello said, # 8220 ; She loved me for the dangers I had passed, and I loved her that she did commiseration them # 8221 ; ( I, iii, lines 166-7 ) . This adult male had truly fallen in love with person whose life was tiring and needed escapade. Othello # 8221 ; s origin besides inhibited him from understanding European adult females. He did see for himself the misrepresentation of Desdemona toward her male parent and remembered the words he had said to him: # 8220 ; Look to her, Moor, if 1000 has eyes to see: She has deceived her male parent, and may thee # 8221 ; ( I, iii, lines 286-7 ) . When Othello has been given information from Iago in Act III scene three, he can non take any more so he asks Iago to go forth in which he does. Upon returning, Iago continues to implement his old statements and Othello seems non bothered for he replies, # 8220 ; Fear non my authorities # 8221 ; ( III, three, 256 ) . With all this there is no adult male who can defy such intelligence like the intelligence that Iago has given to Othello. Most of the work forces who are would make much worse than in the instance of Othello. This doesn # 8221 ; t demo green-eyed monster, but when he is entirely and has clip to contemplate the state of affairs and has seen the hankie in the custodies of Cassio, now is when his blood begins his safer ushers to govern. After recognizing Othello had been tricked into believing the prevarications of Iago. He couldn # 8221 ; t manage the torment of cognizing he had slaying in green-eyed monster instead for justness. This desolation in Othello # 8221 ; s character brought the strong warrior back into the scene. Where he transformed into his ain justice, jury, and sentenced himself. He told the people around him in their letters to compose of him non in maliciousness, so he said: # 8220 ; Then you must talk of one that loved non sagely but excessively good # 8221 ; ( V, two, line 344 ) . After the address was done he carried out his sentence, took a knife and stabbed himself. He so said: # 8220 ; I kissed thee ere I killed thee. No manner but this, Killing myself, to dice upon a kiss # 8221 ; ( V, two, line 359-60 ) . He so laid down on the bed and died with self-respect ( Stauffer 173 ) . Othello was covetous. He was told his married woman was rip offing on him and he thought he was killing for justness. He even said he loved non sagely but excessively good. When he did kill it was non really smart of him to believe another adult male about something he should cognize more approximately. This drama introduced alterations in Othello # 8221 ; s character when these alterations evolved there was Iago lurking and waiting for the opportunity to leap in and take advantage of Othello. This why my belief of Othello is one of a adult male whose character is brought to visible radiation of a atrocious state of affairs by a fallacious Satan named Iago 315

Salt Lake City Winter Games Essay Example

Salt Lake City Winter Games Essay In all Olympic events, there are general issues emerged, like housing, transportation, traffic, etc. In the Salt Lake City Winter Olympic however, observers stated that there are additional burden, which resulted the Games to be more difficult to manage compare to others previously held. Before elaborating the specific variables which have caused problems within the Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Games, I will describe the generic variables of managing a large and internationalized project like Olympics.Despite the numerous studies conducted toward the project management field, there is still no valid consensus about the variables that influences the workings of a project. There is sill no valid consensus among researchers about what make some project succeeded and others failed. However, to simplify the evaluation of a project, the definition of variables effecting project management is still required. All the variables defined by many researchers can be divided into four large categori es. §Ã‚   technical category, §Ã‚   social category, §Ã‚   environment category and §Ã‚   Availability of resources categoryII.1.1  Ã‚   Technical CategoryThe technical category includes individual capabilities, technical difficulty, trouble shooting (Pinto Slevin, 1988), system capability (Kloman, 1972), Integration Risk (Parsons, 2002), etc. In managing Olympics, most of the factors involved within this category are generic factors in managing all Olympics.For instance, the capabilities if individuals are relatively constant. They are members or associates of the IOC. The IOC generally sends one or several teams of representatives to the hosts. The representatives would then collaborate with local management teams that are responsible for hosting the Olympics. There is always a considerable watch over the credibility of core people involved in managing the Games. Therefore, there is enough reason to categorize this factor as a generic factor among most modern Olympics.H owever, there are also factors within this category that differs for most Olympics management. One of them is the technical difficulty factor. Different hosts have different problems in preparation of Olympics. For instance, some host might have almost every infrastructure required to run the games –like streets, housings, etc-, while others might have to undergo giant projects in order to be adequately prepared.II.1.2  Ã‚   Social CategoryThe social category consists of feedback, communication, organization teamwork, leadership, engineer-scientist coordination, etc. The category represents significant differentiation among all Olympic hosts. If there is anything generic about this category, it is its high level of difficulty to be managed. Despite the fact that IOC is in a constant watch of every host in Olympic management practices, different hosts have different quality of leaders, commitment, focus and empowerment within their local organization. It influences their â⠂¬Ëœstyle’ in managing the colossal event.II.1.3  Ã‚   Environment CategoryThis category includes geographical dispersion, politics, external support, etc. This category represents the relationship between Olympic hosts and their local and national environment. Naturally, this is the category that receives the most attention from external parties, for instance, the national government, the local government, various organizations of sports, economic analysts, environmentalist, etc. Generally, due to the fact that the hosts themselves have gone through a painful bidding process in order to host the Olympic Games, there is little to concern about this category. Nevertheless, most of them –like the national government and independent analysts- usually keep a close watch over management of the game and how it affects various fields.II.1.4  Ã‚   Availability of Resources CategoryThe difficulty of obtaining the required resources is a generic issue among all Olympic hosts . Analysts would even compare the expenses of each game, in order to compare which was the largest and which was the more efficient. Within this event, to be insufficient in funding and other resources are very much unlikely. The hosts have all succeeded in winning the bid, and thus, they have generally prepared abundant resources to support the event. The Game is always marked with spending frenzy of various resources. Nevertheless, an anomaly has occurred in the Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Games. This anomaly –which will be discussed in later part of the essay-, is the reason why this particular event is often studied.II.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Challenges Within the 2002 Winter GamesAfter defining the generic factors involved within managing Olympics, I will now elaborate the reason why the 2002 Winter Games have considerably different challenges.II.2.1  Ã‚   2002 Winter Olympic Bid ScandalIn 1998, two reporters founded that several officials of the IOC has taken bribe money in relation to the Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Games bidding process. Furthermore, there are also reports that members of the local group responsible for Salt Lake City’s Olympic (SLCO)bid had bribed The IOC to win the bid. Investors of the game were highly influenced by the scandals. The budget given to the project manager was cut down severely to reflect the millions of revenue dollars unlikely to materialize. This single factor is the cause of ‘shortcomings’ in many aspects of the game management.The scandal that affected the project management of the games was involving allegations of bribery to obtain the 2002 Winter Olympic Games. The city had attempted several times to secure the games, but constantly failed. After the city had finally succeeded in wining the Olympic bid, the IOC were accused of taking bribes from SLOC. The scandal broke on December 10, 1998, when a head of the coordination committee announced that several members of the IOC had take bribe s. Soon after, ten members of the IOC were expelled and ten others were sanctioned. Despite the exposed fact that it was not the first time bribery had happened within the IOC, the 2002 Winter Olympic was the first to be promoted with a dark image hanging above IOC’s –and SLOCs- image (‘2002 Winter,’ 2006).American Congress members have also stated their disappointment toward the local members of SLOC. They believed that the organization performed illegal actions to bring millions of dollars of taxpayer’s money into their city management. Soon after, a ranking Democrat on the House Commerce Committee specifically asked the General Accounting Office to ensure that all the money resulted from Olympic campaigns would be used by Salt Lake City for roads, mass transits and other projects linked to the Games (‘Olympic Ethics’, 1999).II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Effects of the ScandalViewed from the generic category of project management, t he scandal has tremendous effect on at least three out of the four category of project management elaborated previously. The are the social, environment and resource availability category. Within the social and external environment category, the scandal causes changes of leadership and also increasing scrutiny from authorities (national government and IOC). It was obviously necessary to re-build the sense of trust among investors and partners. The working environment can be considerably uncomfortable due to the thick atmosphere of suspicion. A new and credible leadership is required to set things back on track.In the resource availability category the scandal have the largest effects. As a direct result of the scandal, US West, a regional telecommunications company, has refused to send more installments from their planned $ 60 million sponsorship. US West were the first among many that refused to continue their installment sponsorship plan toward the Games. The phenomena caused a de ficit of SLOC’s budget as much as $357 million (‘Salt Lake Olympics’, 1999). SLOC had to re-configure their financial and incorporated a huge cost cut activities in order to get the game running.III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Project ManagementPrior to evaluating how the SLOC managed the already ‘troubled’ 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Games, it is necessary to understand the underlying concepts of project management. In its very simple definition, Project Management is the discipline of defining and achieving target by maximizing the use of available resources. Resources including money, time, people, materials, energy and space are gathered and managed efficient effectively to produce the best possible result, during the course of a project. In a sense, project management is the effort to gain control over five variables, time, cost, quality, scope and risk. A problem in controlling one of the variables will disrupt the work ings of the entire management system.III.1  Ã‚  Ã‚   Concurrent ConstructionA more novel concept of project management -although hardly new- is the Concurrent Construction (CC) concept. CC is an integrated approach to the planning and execution of all project activities. It is the latest development from the concept of integrated design of project management, from the conceptualization stage through completion. Some of the underlying principles of CC are: Integration of all project phases into a single phase, integration of total project information, establishment of direct and real-time intra- and inter team communication. It its practice, advanced communication technology and real time communication system is highly required.III.2  Ã‚  Ã‚   Managing Global ProjectsIn case of managing a global project or a project with global staff –like the Olympics, there are several factors that hold increasing importance. One of the most important is technology. Being global will req uire more than a spreading of technology. A more careful selection of networks and infrastructure will be required to get the job done (Gunderloy, n.d). Cost management will be a major issue and management will need to evaluate obstacles such as communication, airport infrastructure, power politics, and languages. A coordination plan that addresses all the issues mentioned will be required and extra effort is important to monitor and keeping the project on track (Murphy, n.d).IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Project Strategy, Project Leadership and Project SystemThe 2002 Winter Olympic Games were highly influenced by the financial deficit of the committee. It was far from the general spending frenzy that typically surrounds the games. In 1998, Japan spent $2.7 billion for their winter games, which was twice the cost of the previous Winter Olympics. However, the budget for the Salt Lake City Winter Games was only $1.32 billion. For an extreme statement, Fraser Bullock, the financial manager of Salt Lake Olympic Committee stated that they are not trying to put the best game ever, but instead, just trying to put the games (Harris, 2000).IV.1  Ã‚  Ã‚   Project StrategyDue to the existing challenges, financial strategy has been made the core project strategy. The financial strategy of SLOC is to restore confidence and the image of the game by performing cost cutting and keeping their books wide open. In Olympics, sponsors generally provide half of the budget for winter games. SLOC has the obligation to restore their confidence in the game. The entire system of managing the project is therefore, severely impacted by the strategy.In order to cut unnecessary cost, Bullock re-categorized all expenses as must-haves, nice-to-haves and non-necessities. For example, 400-meter speed-skating course, with safety padding and viewing stands is a must-have facility. Permanent seats, which are more expensive than temporary seats are nice-to-haves. Most o f the non-necessities are practically ‘out of the budget’. The classification changed many things. The traditional trip to the home of IOC in Lausanne, Switzerland was instantly replaced by conference calls. There is no more ‘fancy’ dinner and lunches, free souvenirs to SLOC visitors, and furthermore, Bullock eliminate contingency funds from individual budgets of all of the SLOC managers.The cost cuts are considerably effective. Staff and administration reduction were in total of 40 million or 12 percent of the original budget. By using a new and ‘simpler’ sponsor for the food services, SLOC saved millions. Similar cost cuts were happening with sponsors of information technology and other areas. Even the traditionally ‘sacred’ methods, like using volunteer staffs were reduced. Bullock found that by reducing the amount of volunteers, SLOC will save money from ‘not producing’ uniforms, food and supports.Even with the cos t cuts, SLOC remained optimist that the international event will still be something for people to see. Bullock stated that they will use any resource available, including the beauty of the mountains the surrounded the area. The fact the Utah had already many supporting infrastructures for the winter games was also very helpful.IV.2  Ã‚  Ã‚   Project LeadershipIV.2.1 Hard and Soft ParadigmResearchers have developed a standard that differentiates between several types of leadership styles. There are two paradigms that shape the tendencies of managerial leadership. The two paradigm are hard and soft paradigm. The hard paradigm is often associated with values such as rationalistic, positivistic, scientific, reductionism (Oakley, 2003) or quantitative (Higgs, 2001). Meanwhile, the soft paradigm is associated with concepts such as hermeneutic, qualitative, phenomenological, interpretive, reflective, inductive or ethnographic (Ticehurst Veal, 2000).Both paradigms represent the opposite polar that builds leadership styles. Most leaders have a tendency to use certain paradigm more than the other; however, both of them are useful if utilized in the appropriate manner and time. In case of the 2002 Winter Games management –as will be elaborated below-, the leaders managed to take advantages of both paradigms to gain support and accomplished the task at hand.IV.2.2 Fraser BullockBullock was in charge of bringing the 2002 Olympic preparations back to its sense. He himself is an expert in cost cuts. In 1980, he was appointed CFO of a financially troubled World Airways Inc. Before coming to the SLOC, he made a fortune by assembling companies from fragmented industries. He is famous as an expert in the path of ‘hard paradigm’ His famous philosophy was â€Å"finance is not a threat, its and asset’ (Harris, 2000).Nevertheless, some articles mentioned that Bullock was not ignorant when it comes to the values within the soft paradigm. Many predicted that Bullock’s cost cuts will bring a lot of hatred toward the Financial Manager. However, Bullock seemed to understand that to proceed with the cost cut strategy; he would need the support of his the staffs.Allinger, a former silver medalist for speed skating, stated that the financial manager has a lot of faith toward his staff. He never interfered with detailed decision of his staff, but he made sure that they knew the ‘lack of choice’ scenario, behind the strategy of cost cuts. SLOC vice president, Cindy Gillespie stated that they have gone through quite a mind shift. Despite the fact that she had experienced becoming a staff of the 1996 Atlanta Games –where the work philosophy was to create ‘the greatest games ever’-, she understand that the 2002 winter game would be an ‘essentials-only’ games (Harris, 2000).In addition, Bullock made sure that he gave proof that items would be added back from the central contingency fund if n ecessary. For example, he brought back $135,000 for a special pedestrian bridge at the Soldier hollow cross country biathlon venue. The step was taken to address the security concerns that athletes and spectators would be sharing venue access (Harris, 2000). This was an example of well managed coordination between engineers-scientist and the managers.IV.2.3 Milt RomneyAfter the embarrassing scandal that hit the SLOC,   the organization turn to a venture capitalist, Milt Romney, to clean up their act through reorganization and selection of new management. Romney was known for his expertise in reviving troubled businesses. The Republican seemed almost welcoming to the scrutinize look that everyone gave to him as he took the job. He stated that SLOC would not spend more money that they can take in at the time. He promise and ethical game and game management throughout the winter Olympic (‘Romney hired’, 1999).Romney has calmed old corporate supporters and lured new ones. He managed to add 24 sponsors and suppliers and increase revenues by $ 178.5 million. Some of the investors were coming back because they were pleased with how Romney and Bullock had run the organization. Romney and his team helped the Olympics back onto their feet. The game was so different form projections that it actually turned into a profit of USD $ 100 million, the largest for winter games (‘2002 winter’, 2006).IV.3  Ã‚  Ã‚   Project SystemThe system of managing the giant event was complicated and involved a wide range of advanced communication technology and system expert. The preparation involved local as well as international parties through out the world.IV.3.1 Infrastructure §Ã‚   Traffic IssuesAs mentioned before, the SLOC is helped the existence of a sufficient infrastructure of Salt Lake City. For example, the state of Utah had undertaken a giant project of enhancing transportation infrastructure by widening 16 mile roads, 9 interchanges, 144 bridges and involved 3.2 million square yard of concrete. All the bridges and stretch of pavements is scheduled for replacement. 1,000 lightning features are installed to illuminate roadway, bridges underpasses and tunnels (‘Olympic City’, n.d). §Ã‚   Housing IssuesCooperating with the state Division of Facilities Construction Management, SLOC built a $ 120 million student housing project that will be used as the athletes village during the 2002 Winter Olympics. Construction was speeded up to be occupied by university students at least a year before the games. The objective was to find and correct any mistakes in the design of the building before the athletes arrived. The state paid for $ 90 million and SLOC paid for $ 30 for the entire project. The design was so complex, but contractors managed to finish the project on schedule (‘Contractors site’, 2001).IV.3.2 TechnologyThe Salt Lake City Olympics draws attention not only due to the amount of scandals that sur round it, but also to the technological design of the management system. The high-tech management system inspired the IOC to perform a new ‘recycling’ technological strategy for Olympics. In simple terms, the recycling technology means that the technological infrastructure from previous Olympic will renewed, redesigned and reset for the next game. On other worlds, the high tech equipment used in Salt Lake City Olympics will be used to support the Athens Olympic Games.In Salt Lake City Winter Olympics, management used 900 servers, mostly from Sun Microsystems, and 10,500 PCs, mostly from Dell. The main application set was called the Games Management System, written specifically for the Salt Lake City Games. The software made possible the automation of events scheduling, transport schedules for athletes and volunteers and accreditation for 200,000 other participants of the Olympics Games (media, VIP’s, volunteers and staffs). Another application system, the Informa tion Diffusion System (IDS) collected the scores and times and disseminates them to the media and various websites. Despite the tight budget, the success of the technology systems is very visible (‘Olympic Recycling’, 2005).V.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lesson LearnedThe SLOC had successfully turned an under budget project into profitable ones. The values of managing a global project were implemented appropriately. The sense of direction was given when SLOC stated that performing a modest budget Olympic Games was the primary goal. Leadership and the ability to delegate were also performed by the CFO and the leader of the project. They manage to bring back sponsors and induced confidence within the organization. The Game was considered to be the benchmark that restores the image of Olympic after the controversy of a scandal (‘Evolution of Olympic’, 2006).VI.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The London 2012 Olympic GamesLondon is the favor ed location for the 2012 Olympic Games. In light of the lesson taken from 2002 Olympics, there are several aspects to be considered: §Ã‚   Proper ConductDespite the success of 2002 Winter Games, the embarrassing scandal that hit the heart of IOC and other National Olympic Committees (NOC) will still echo in the minds of public and more importantly investors. The 2002 Olympic had proven that investors are highly sensitive toward legal accusations. The 2012 Olympic committee must deliver their best effort to maintain a clear image that everything within the game is nothing but fair and transparent (‘Olympic Bid Allegations’, 2004). §Ã‚   A More Technical PlanThe 2002 Olympics also revealed certain problems regarding their infrastructure. There are social issues within the manner which they built dome of the housing for athletes. This should not be repeated in the 2012 Olympics. Games conducted outside the Great Britain must be well-connected to the area. Traffic and t ransportation plan must be laid out transparently in order to ensure the athletes receive the proper treatment (‘Revamp’, 2004). §Ã‚   Safety ConcernsInviting athletes and ambassadors form the entire world, the London bid team should ensure that the place is safe enough to be in. The London explosion that happened in the middle of 2005 was bad signs of security issues (Pye, 2005).