1970s Religion and Policies for Today :: Essays Papers

mid-seventies Religion and Policies for Today I vividly remember sitting in my ninth graduation world history class, only six short years ago, when my teacher announced that next week we would begin a four week pick out on world worships. A nervous murmur swept through thirty students, all thinking the same thought, oh no, here we go again. Why is religion in our preparatory schools such a touchy topic? Teachers would rather not address religion or they carefully tip-toeing around the topic? art object attending Big Bear High School (a typical southern California school with just about 1,000 students) I learned a lot about how religion is taught and how spiritual issues are handled. Raised in a Christian home, having my father teaching at the same school I attended, and practicing Christianity my entire life, I watched carefully throughout my high school education to see how my teachers would deal with the world and U.S. religions tha t play an enormous role in the history of our world and country. I am primarily interested in how religion was taught in the early 1970s. Including what religions were covered, how they were integrated into the text, and the values of the religion that were presented. With my interest in possibly majoring in religious studies I feel that I have an excellent understanding of how religion is taught in our high schools today, but I dont have a thorough understanding of what it was like to grow up in school in the 1970s and go through school. How was religion presented in the textbooks of schools in the 1970s? My primary goal of this paper is to further my understanding of religion in high schools of the 1970s. Then I would like to further my study by flavour at newer documents and regulations that are in place now to govern religion that is taught and expressed in our schools today. What I expect to find is that religion was taught similarly in the 70s without all the new er policies and guidelines of today. Lastly I would like to look at how these policies and regulations in our public schools are affecting our students.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr - Dr. King and the Dream :: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essays

Dr. King and the Dream   The world saw him as a marching protest leader, an activist, spokesman, civil rights leader, and the scruples of a nation. With keen and sensitive insight, he so eloquently proclaimed that a profound social and human predicament faced our nation and the world. However, virtually of his greatest messages to us were not preached from a mountaintop earlier millions, but from a little pulpit back home at the Ebeneezer Baptist Church. Dr. King once said, in the lead I was a civil rights leader, I was a preacher of the gospel. This was my first calling and it still remains my greatest commitment.   Just one month before an assassins bullet found him, Dr. King went back home. For so long, he had lectured and preached to others about the magnificent dreams of unity, brotherhood, hope, and justice. He had taken his messages to the uttermost parts of the world and met with kings, queens, popes, rabbis, and archbishops. But instantly he was home for a time of reflection, reunion, and rest.   This sermon was different. In this sermon, Unfulfilled Dreams, he preached from the eighth chapter of first Kings and talked about its cosmic significance because it says so a lot in so few words about life. It tells the story of King David, who had a dream to build a great temple to honor the Lord, perfection of Israel. Although the temple was never completed, God blessed David because the dream was in his heart.   In this sermon, Dr. King talked about the shattered dreams of Mahatma Gandhi who dreamed about the independence and unity of India as one great nation moving toward a higher destiny. Gandhi labored for years through nonviolent revolution hoping to realize his dream. But the dream was shattered because the nation that Gandhi wanted so badly to unite was riddled with conflict between the Hindus and Moslems. President Woodrow Wilson dreamed of a League of Nations but died before the ring was delivered. The Apostle Paul dreamed of carrying the gospel to Spain but instead ended up in a prison cell in Rome.   While reading this sermon, I remembered my own dream, that my children would never see the inhumanity I saw, would never feel the injustice I felt, nor would they taste the bitterness of bigotry that consumed this nation when I was a child.

Of Mice And Men - The Importance Of George :: essays research papers

Even from the real start of John Steinbecks novel, Of Mice and Men, the uniqueness of George, as a character, is already noticeable. He is described as small and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp strong features and has an obvious dominance over the relationship between Lennie and himself. This lets the reader bash from a very early stage in the book that George is different, and probably the essential character. Georges character seems to be used by Steinbeck to reflect the major themes of the novel loneliness, prejudice, the importance of companionship, the danger of devoted companionships, and the harshness of Californian ranch life.Georges relationship with Lennie has made him selfless his conversations, with and with out Lennie, are generally revolving close to Lennie, although in the case of their dream-ranch George seems to find fulfilwork forcet for himself as well. Due to these altruistic tendencies that he shows throughout the novel, a danger is bestowe d upon George he tends to care for Lennie far in any case much, and too little for himself. In occasional moments, he escapes his sympathy and compassion for Lennie, and realises the burden that he causes. This usually results in George taking his frustration out on Lennie, which can often harm his simple mind, leaving Lennie upset and forced to confess to his own uselessness, and George feeling guilty for what he has caused. We can learn very little about George through his actual conversations, which made it necessary for Steinbeck to focus the novel on him in particular, and let the reader gain an closer perceptivity on him through his actions. Generally, he seems to be caring, intelligent and sensible, but is greatly worn by the constant attention Lennie requires. This illustrates a major theme in Of Mice and Men, the dangers that arise when one becomes involved in a dedicated relationship.Despite the frustration that Lennie causes, without him George would probably be a lot l ike the other men on the ranch simply roaming the country-side of California looking for work, and although he often prides himself on being different, he sometimes complains, usually after Lennie has caused trouble, and wishes that he could be like a normal guy and not have to live with Lennies hindrance. An example of this is seen when George responds sharply to Lennies constant request for ketchup. "If I was alone I could live so easyno troubleno mess at all.

Ovids Devaluation of Sympathy in Metamorphoses Essay -- Ovid Metamorp

Ovids Devaluation of Sympathy in Metamorphoses Ovid reveals two similar tales of incest in the Metamorphoses. First, he describes the non-sisterly love Byblis acquires for her twin brother Caunus. Later, he revisits the incestuous love al-Qaeda with the story of Myrrha who develops a non-filial love for her father, Cinyras. The two accounts hold many similarities and elicit varying reactions. Ovid constantly tugs at our emotions and draws forth alternating feelings of pity and disgust for the matters at hand. Repetition with a difference in these two narratives shows how fickle we can be in allotting and denying sympathy, making it seem less valuable. Both tales begin drawing forth a sense of disgust for the situation in general yet arou netherworldg pity for each girls predicament. Ovid clearly labels the love Byblis and Myrrha pursue illegitimate when he summarizes the moral of Byblis tale stating, when girls love they should love lawfully (Mandelbaum 307) and reveals that to hate a father is / a crime, but love like Myrrhas is worse than hate (338) sooner describing Myrrhas tale. By presenting the girls as criminals, Ovid leads us to despise them. He then proceeds to draw out sympathy for Byblis and Myrrha as he describes their unsuccessful attempts to overcome these desires. Byblis dreams tight about Caunus, but when shes awake, she does not dare / to let her obscene hopes invade her soul (308). Myrrha strives she tries she would subdue / her obscene love, but she cannot (339). Right away, Ovid makes us question if these situations merit our sympathy. Byblis and Myrrha compel readers to sympathize with their plight as they orally confess their incestuous passions. They use selective lang... ...d leaves us feeling sorry for Myrrha. Ovid tells this tale of forbidden sin twice to show how inconsistent we are in allotting pity. He begins both tales drawing forth our contempt for the matters at hand, then ends both tales with images that arouse our pity . passim each story, our emotions sway between pity and disgust. Even though incest disgusts us, we sympathize with Byblis and Myrrha as they seek incestuous loves. Byblis broken pith arouses our sympathy, yet Myrrhas fulfilled heart disgusts us. Ovid devalues our sympathy by showing how unstable we are with our emotions. Works Cited Mandelbaum, Allen, trans. The Metamorphoses of Ovid. By Ovid. San Diego Harcourt Brace & company, 1993. Crane, Gregory, ed. Perseus Project. 1995. Tufts University. 6 Oct. 1999 <http//www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/text?lookup=ov.+met.+init>

Environmental Views of Arctic National Wildlife Reserve (ANWR) Essays

Executive Summary     The Arctic National Wildlife Reserve (ANWR) is a beautiful 19.6 million acre coastal plain, and is located in the Northeastern part of Alaska. ANWR is home to numerous species of wildlife and one of the largest untapped fossil oil preserves in the United States. There is an immense debate between the oppose environmentalists and the politicians who want to drill for oil on a section of ANWR, which is only 1.8% of the refuge. Environmentalists who oppose drilling for oil in Alaska say the wildlife and the native populations are jeopardise by drilling for oil in ANWR, even though most of the natives are strongly in favor of drilling. ANWR could save the US from having to import $800 billion worth of foreign oil, creating hundreds to thousands of American jobs, and generate hundreds of billions in royalties and taxes (anwr.com).      Three different environmental ethic views will be addressed, Utilitarian, Deontology, an d Lockean. The Utilitarian argument is that the greatest range of ANWR will be reached through drilling. It implies that the intrinsic qualities of the land are of lesser value, and that ANWR serves the people better by being given over to the purpose of oil production. Deontology views ANWR rationally. The question is asked what would a rational person do when developers propose to convert an unspoiled landscape to commercial use? In the Lockean view, man has a dependable to use property and the various resources of the earth as he wills, to support his life and values.     The development of ANWR overshadows the minimal risk of environmentally disrupting the wildlife. The US economy and the citizens of Alaska would upbeat from the development, not to mention the wildlife would be monitored and thus receive more attention. Introduction     Alaska is surrounded by ocean and mountainous terrain and has one of the most beautiful landscapes in the United States. Alaska is home to the Arctic National Wildlife Reserve, in which hundreds of thousands of wildlife reside alongside with one of the largest oil preserves in the United States. Environmentalists are vexed most the possible disruption in the wildlifes natural habitat and the effects it may have on the Alaskan Natives. Congress is being faced with the contest of mergin... ...s.org/releases/pr2005/pr031105.html Rodger Schlickeisen. Fight to Protect the Arctic Refuge Reaches Critical Point Refuge Faces Most Dire Threat in Decades. Retrieved April 10, 2005 from http//www.defenders.org/wildlife/arctic/ardrill.htmlhttp//www.defenders.org/wildlife/arctic/news/arcticpoll.pdf Retrieved on April 9, 2005 http//encarta.msn.com/sidebar_1741573203/1987_Alaska.html "Alaska," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2005 http//encarta.msn.com 1997-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. http//www.globalethics.org/newsline/members/issue.tmpl?articleid=042102223938 11http//www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&oi=defmore&q=defineProperty+Rights N.A. Retrieved April 10, 2005http//www.jdnews.com/SiteProcessor.cfm?Template=/GlobalTemplates/Details.cfm&St oryID=30570&Section=NIEhttp//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4542853/http//www.newsviews.info/environment05a.htmlhttp//www.savearcticrefuge.org/learnmore.html Retrieved on April 9, 2005http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A11332-2004Sep10.html           Stephen Segaller. PBS Extreme Oil (2004). Retrieved April 10, 2005

Environmental Views of Arctic National Wildlife Reserve (ANWR) Essays

Executive Summary     The Arctic National Wildlife Reserve (ANWR) is a glorious 19.6 million acre coastal plain, and is located in the Northeastern part of Alaska. ANWR is home to numerous species of wildlife and one of the largest untapped oil preserves in the United States. on that point is an immense debate between the opposing environmentalists and the politicians who want to drill for oil on a section of ANWR, which is only 1.8% of the refuge. Environmentalists who oppose drilling for oil in Alaska say the wildlife and the native populations are threatened by drilling for oil in ANWR, even though most of the natives are strongly in upgrade of drilling. ANWR could save the US from having to import $800 billion worth of foreign oil, creating hundreds to thousands of American jobs, and generate hundreds of billions in royalties and taxes (anwr.com).      Three different environmental ethic views will be addressed, Utilitarian, Deontology, and Lockean. The Utilitarian argument is that the greatest function of ANWR will be reached through drilling. It implies that the intrinsic qualities of the land are of lesser value, and that ANWR serves the people better by cosmos given over to the purpose of oil production. Deontology views ANWR rationally. The question is asked what would a rational person do when developers propose to convert an unspoiled landscape to commercial implement? In the Lockean view, man has a right to use property and the various resources of the earth as he wills, to support his life and values.     The development of ANWR overshadows the minimal take a chance of environmentally disrupting the wildlife. The US economy and the citizens of Alaska would benefit from the development, not to mention the wildlife would be monitored and thus receive more attention. Introduction     Alaska is surrounded by ocean and hilly terrain and has one of the most beautiful landscapes in the United States. Alaska is home to the Arctic National Wildlife Reserve, in which hundreds of thousands of wildlife reside alongside with one of the largest oil preserves in the United States. Environmentalists are vexed about the possible disruption in the wildlifes natural habitat and the effects it may have on the Alaskan Natives. Congress is being faced with the challenge of mergin... ...s.org/releases/pr2005/pr031105.html Rodger Schlickeisen. Fight to Protect the Arctic Refuge Reaches Critical Point Refuge Faces Most Dire Threat in Decades. Retrieved April 10, 2005 from http//www.defenders.org/wildlife/arctic/ardrill.htmlhttp//www.defenders.org/wildlife/arctic/news/arcticpoll.pdf Retrieved on April 9, 2005 http//encarta.msn.com/sidebar_1741573203/1987_Alaska.html "Alaska," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2005 http//encarta.msn.com 1997-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. http//www.globalethics.org/newsline/members/issue.tmpl?articlei d=04210222393811http//www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&oi=defmore&q=defineProperty+Rights N.A. Retrieved April 10, 2005http//www.jdnews.com/SiteProcessor.cfm? guide=/GlobalTemplates/Details.cfm&St oryID=30570&Section=NIEhttp//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4542853/http//www.newsviews.info/environment05a.htmlhttp//www.savearcticrefuge.org/learnmore.html Retrieved on April 9, 2005http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A11332-2004Sep10.html           Stephen Segaller. PBS Extreme Oil (2004). Retrieved April 10, 2005

Edward Scissorhands Essay Essay

Burtons eye opening film, Edward Scissorhands, destineed intense drama through the theatrical role of Edward and Kim who expressed great do it for each other. Yet it became a tragedy as the couple who were meant to be in concert were too different from each other. This essay, will illustrate how frequently Edward roll in the hay Kim so much that he was willing to do anything for her, and how much Kim cognized Edward so much that she sacrificed her roll in the hay to let him go.The way Burton used these two characters to show the realistic view of what love is about and how love tail be complicated, will also be explained. Burtons minds about love through the use of these extraordinary characters were an extreme original of society which made this film a great and memorable drama with the elements of great love and great tragedy. The first whim that Burton expressed was the great love Edward had for Kim, but with the influence of others their love became too difficult.Edwar d fell so deeply in love with Kim, that he was willing to do ANYTHING for her. Edward helped Jim and Kim break into Jims home even though he knew it was wrong. When Kim asked Edward why he willingly helped them, Edward replied, Because you asked me to. Edward showed how much he loved Kim by the way he considered the consequences if he were to physically be with her. Hold me, Kim asked, but Edward knew that if he did, there would be a possibility that he would hurt her with his scissorhands, so he answered, I cant. Edwards love for Kim was also sh cause through his actions of wanting to protect Kim. Edward fought to protect Kim from Jim who constantly hurt her physically as he booted her dispatch him with his foot, yanked her away from Edward and had put her life in danger by his reckless actions of wanting to tear Edward. Edwards only way of collapseping Jim from hurting Kim and himself was to kill him. Jim made it impossible for Edward and Kim to be together because of his want to control Kim.Edward Scissorhands explores the idea that some people atomic number 18 unable to be together because of their differences, but can also be caused by the influence of other people round them. The thought of people who love each other and yet cannot be together hurls people unsatisfied because of the belief that couples should live happily ever after, and yet Burton has created the opposite. Another idea presented in this film is the amount of love Kim had for Edward which was so frightful that she let him go.In the mid-shot of Kim telling Edward to run, her facial expressions showed only if how much she cared for him. Kim knew that the people of Suburbia would not leave Edward alone and it would cause too much conflict if he continued to stay in Suburbia. The only way Edward would be safe would be to return back to his home where he belonged. Her love for him was also shown in the scene when she told the people of Suburbia that Edward was dead. Her pure white dr ess gave the impression of an innocent girl which made it easier for the crowd to believe her.Burton show how difficult it could be to be in love with someone and the sacrifices that will be made for the better of everyone, even if it means to give up love for love. The story of The Beauty and the Beast was represented in this film however it was remade with a twist, as the Beauty and the Beast did not live happily ever after. This interpretation and modification of the Beauty and the Beast story did not live up to Hollywoods expectations of a happily ever after cultivation, comprehend that Edward and Kim did not end up together.The movie is not a Romeo and Juliet romance either as they did not die together showing how much they love each other, but let each other go for the better of the other person. Edward and Kim saw that they could not be together so decided on the best plan to keep both of them alive but also happy, wise to(p) that they tried at love. The most compelling as pect of the film was the idea of a monster falling in love with a human where the audience is set up for an exciting love story. However, Burton changed the typical Hollywood ending into a naive realism that would make the audience feel irritated.Burton built the audience up for an unlikely love story, yet made the audience root for the couple, knowing that people should be together, could not be together. His plan to make the audience root for the couple to be together is what made the audience engage in the love story and yearn for Kim and Edward to be a pair. Though, in reality the audience knew that Edward and Kim would not work out due to their differences. As Edward said au revoir, Kim kissed him and said I love you then fled the scene. Burton showed the reality of love and how somerelationships are not meant to be due to societys thoughts and rules and because some relationships just do not work out. Hollywood would let Kim and Edward be a couple as they always try to find a way to make the characters live happily ever after. However, with Burton he showed the reality of life and that they could not live happily ever after. He showed an extreme example of what the society would do if there was a person like Edward in the world today. He showed that the likelihood of Edward and Kim being together is slim and life goes on.Love does not stop people from living their own lives as long as they are happy. Edward and Kim continued to live their lives separately but are still content with their own lives. They have learnt what it is like to fall for someone they cannot have and took the responsible way of letting their love go, rather than trying to make it possible or decease together like Romeo and Juliet. They resorted to an outcome that will let both of them live satisfied lives without hurting others but themselves.To summarise the many ideas that Burton has produced through Edward Scissorhands, his extreme representation of society and its rules let the audience reflect on the meaning of life, how people treat others and what great love could do to people. His message about love reflecting the reality of life and how relationships do not always work out reminds the audience that love is not easy. The sacrifices and the pain people go through while they are in love with a person are not like the Hollywood movies, which is what made this film a great and memorable drama.

What Lay Behind the Horrors of the Slave Trade

What Lay Behind The Horrors Of The Slave Trade? In this essay I would be examining what locate behind the horrors of the slave passel. This essay will include the countries that were involved in the slave trade, how they benefited from it and the power they had everywhere the enslaved Africans. The slave trade worked in a triangle, in the midst of four continents Europe, Africa, South America and North America.Slave ships leave ports like London, Bristol and Liverpool for West Africa carrying manufactured goods like guns, alcohol, iron bars, which ar traded for African men, women and children who had been captured by slave traders or bought from African chiefs on the West African coast. From Africa a ship full of slaves leaves to America and the West Indies, where they are sold to the highest bidder and thats where families are separated. Once they cook been bought, after that they belonged to the plantation owner.Some refused to be enslaved and took their live, others run a s ubstance and pregnant woman preferred to have an abortion than to raise their children into slavery. With the money made from the sale of enslaved Africans, goods such as sugar, coffee and tobacco were bought and taken clog up to Britain for sale. The ships were loaded with produce from the plantations for the voyage keep going home. For over 300 years, European countries forced Africans onto slave ships and transported them over the Atlantic Ocean exactly how did the people back in Britain get involved in the slave trade?As the slave trade grew, legion(predicate) of people began to get involved or simply benefited from it. Banks and finance houses in Britain began to grow from the fees and the interest they earned from merchants who borrowed money for their voyages. Bristol and Liverpool became major ports for slave ships, handling cargoes they brought back and between 1700 and 1800, Liverpools population dramatically rose from 5,000 to 78,000. Others worked in factories that had been set up with the money from the slave trade.The slave trade also provided various jobs back in Britain, many worked in factories which sold their goods to West Africa, and these goods will then be traded for slaves. Birmingham also included itself by having 4,000 gun makers with 100,000 guns a year heap in Britain werent the only one who benefited from the slave trade, West African leaders involved in the trade also benefited by capturing and trading Africans to the Europeans because they are the one who got all the manufactured goods that were traded for slaves. The African chiefs were also benefited themselves with all the money that they got from trading Africans.My view is that because of the benefits they had, it means that they were also involved and I think without them the trade wouldnt of happened because they are the one who captured slave for the Europeans, therefore they made a path for the slave trade to happen. Lastly, the West Indies and the Americans were ob viously involved because they are the ones who bought and possess the slaves for their plantations. Plantation owners who used slave labour to grow their crops and the fact that they didnt have to pay the slave made them vast profits.Often planters retired to Britain with the profits they made and had curtilage country houses already built for them. Some planter used their money wisely, to become MPs and others invested their profits in new factories and inventions wish helped to finance the industrial Revolution. I would like to conclude that for me the biggest horrors that lay behind the slave trade is how other African traded their own kind for manufactured goods, how cruelly the Africans were treated on the slave ships and plantations and the power that the Europeans , the Americans, and some other Africans had over the slaves.I also think that the slave trade was unnecessary, but all those four continents that were involved benefited from it one way or another as they all pla yed important roles because without one, let say the West Indies and Americans, who would of bought all those slave? Or which plantations would the slaves have worked on? And the slave trade wouldnt have been so successful or benefiting without one side of the triangle. Or without the slave we wouldnt have what we have today but I still think the way they treated black people was out of order and shouldnt had to happen in order for the countries to have wealth.

Forms Of Literature: Barbie Doll

American culture encompasses todays traditions, ideals, customs, beliefs, values, and innovations. In Marge Piercys poem entitled Barbie Doll, the title emphasizes the theme of the poem which is that girls are in conclusion influenced by societys limited definitions of feminine behavior and beauty. In this poem Piercy conveys the cultural and societal expectations that American culture places on children these days, especially girlish girls.The image that Piercy tries to portray in this poem is not supposed to be wrong in any way but in reality it is wrong(p) to what according to the American society is the staring(a) women. As a child, the girl in the poem was presented dolls that did pee-pee, miniature GE stoves, irons, and wee lipsticks the color of cherry candy. By providing and using solid examples that many Americans would be familiar with, and even using the brand name of General Electric, Marge Piercy allows the story to relate to images of the readers past.In these exam ples, though, are the ultimate causes of the girls lack of self-satisfaction perfect bodies, perfect faces, and the perfect look. It is to no surprise that Piercy names the poem Barbie Doll the typical example of fake perfection. advertise into the poem Piercy goes to greater extent to show the consequence of dissatisfaction with ones self. Despite the fact that she was healthy, tested intelligent, possessed strong arms and back, had an abundant sexual drive and manual of arms dexterity, traits that would seem perfect to any human being, she was still unaccepted by society.The girl attempts to please everyone at first, but soon Her good nature wore out. The battalion around her were the main cause. In the stanza that immediately follows, Piercy shows the main idea of the poem. The young women whom is now lying dead in a casket wearing a pretty dress and fake makeup now looks beautiful to the people around her. The society is now happy. Doesnt she look pretty? Everyone said. Her b eauty is no longer significant now that she cannot live to express it. The society in which the young girl lived in drove her to her death.Laced in irony, it is finally express by the author that the girl has achieved acceptance, but not on the tincture of her character or her being but by the unwilling compromise to culture. Piercy shows through her poem Barbie Doll the dangers of false standards and the consequences of their application. It is not that we should all be held to a single, high standard, but rather that we should each be judged according to our own quality and values. When reading this poem I realized that wanting to fit in and be perfect isnt cool, its a waste of a perfect life.

Islamic Studies Essay

What is a Sufi and what do they contribute to our world today? How do they affect people especially the Muslim practices? What contributions did they strike to the flavour active graven image? How be they different or how are they the corresponding? Citing 2 of the major Sufi figures, we would be able to learn what how their teachings are the same and how they are different from virtuoso another. We would also find out how these two imparted their knowledge on the people and how they contributed to the disembodied spirit of the Muslim believers.Sufi is derived from an Arabic word suf which mean wool. This was used to call the Muslim ascetics and mystics because the Sufis dress is made out of this material. Sufis are actually human beings who have exceptional devotions to God or to Allah that they forget their very witness selves because of the thought that their soul is absorbed into God. They engage themselves in devotional practices that raise them higher until they reach ed the point that they believe that they are one with God.Their whim and actions are usually subjects of suspicion by Muslim theologians and lawyers because their actions are near blasphemous but the Sufis desire is to teach rejoicing and that we should separate ourselves from the worldly things and discover God in our hearts. They seek illumination and they what they see is harmony. A Sufis belief is that there is more to life than safe experiencing the physical things. They also consider having a much greater mission why we are alive and that they also believe that ones own self is not a barrier to the illusions that they were able to see (Khan).Examining the life and teachings of two Major Sufi Figures, we tail assembly see how they differ in their teachings and how similar their mystical pronouncements are. Abu Hamid al Ghazali was one of the exceptional scholars and Sufi in Islam. His life and his works are still studied by theologians, of jurisprudence and philosophical s ystem and mysticism. Al Ghazali started learning when his father left him and his brother chthonic the care of a Sufi friend before he died. His father left them bills with a request that the Sufi must see to it that they will be taught how to read and write.When the funds ran out they were sent to school where Ghazali excelled in Islam studies, he became a teacher but with his decision, he stopped teaching because of a Sufi belief that his motivation for teaching is not for Allah. As he was following a Sufi path which has prerequisites that you should give up everything and loose yourself and do everything for the sake of Allah (Cole). Ghazali spent the rest of his lives going on a spiritual journey for 11 years and went back to Tus, he taught for awhile and then he stayed for another 9 years until his death. What were Al Ghazalis thoughts that influenced the Muslims?Al Ghazalis techniques were adopted from the peripatetic logic and the Neoplatonic procedures. Al Ghazali wants to prove Gods existence from the first appearance to Asharite proof. Ghazali believes that Gods attributes are something different from, yet added to, Gods essence. That he believes that God has attributes like humans that is knowledgeable, has life and his own will, can see, can hear and can talk He also believed that whatever happened from creation until now, with the changes that are happening in this world is just a result of Gods knowledge, His own will and his power (Nakamura).Al Ghazali as hale believes that there are two powers affecting human acts, that is of God and the humans power in him. This belief of Al Ghazali implicates that human action is twain Gods will and that it is at the same time acquired by that human from God and this is what Al Ghazali wants to harmonize, Gods Omnipotence and the soulfulnesss duty for his chosen action (Nakamura). Al Ghazali believes that God can place any obligations that he wishes upon humans, that He gives rewards and punishments acc ording to the persons faithfulness to God and that Gods acts are beyond humans judgment.The thought that God created all creatures he cannot be unjust (Nakamura). Ghazali, as one of the greatest theologians rightfully have a deep and lasting influence. His teachings spread to Europe, influenced the Jewish and the Christian Scholasticism even adopted by St. Thomas Aquinas. With his strong argument in favor of religion, he was accused of damaging the cause of philosophy (Averros). Another Sufi figure is Shayk Ahmad al-Ansai who is a native of Eastern Arabia. He is under the protection of the princes of Qajar who were trustworthy for the restoration of Shiism as the state religion of Iran.Little is known about Shayk Ahmad but his usage of the symbolic language and the arguable mystical Shayki order that was established after his name was known only after his death (Cole). What are the teachings and the influences of Shayk AnsaI to the Muslims and the belief about God? Shayk Ahmad c ommit studied this saying from a prophet God wrote a Text (kitabah) two thousand years before He created the universe, on a myrtle leaf that He caused to grow. He placed it upon the Throne, then called out O community of Muhammadpeace be upon him and his HouseMy compassion transcends My wrath.I have devoted to you before you even asked, and forgiven you before you sought forgiveness. Whoso among you bears witness that there is no God but Me, and that Muhammad is My servant and messenger, I shall usher him into paradise by source of my compassion (Cole). Shayk AnsaI believes that the text, took form of a Leaf which are made up of lines which then God shaped the world (Cole). He believes that God as the Universal intellect and as the Universal soul. He explains that God called the Muslims before he even created the world. That Muslims even before asking may have the clothe that they would ask for.Thus these Muslims would depend on their devotion to God. Shayk AnsaI compared the h uman existence to a leaf that like the lines in a leaf, human beings are the embodiments of that pre existing text on earth. Shayk Ahmad quotes, in his mystical and his theological anthology, from one of the learned about how the Tree of Certainty was created by God. The passage says that there is a bloom of Muhammad in a shape of a peacock, which would praise God for seventy thousand years. That this peacock bowed to God five times frankincense where the 5 daily of Islam originated.From the light from Muhammad, the spirits of the believers were created they then became the Muslims. These two beliefs and teachings from two major Sufi figures display a residue in their teachings. One difference that they have is that the belief of the creation of the world. In the belief of Al Ghazali, that human were created as a result of Gods knowledge, His own will and his power. This implicates that this was the quality of God to create human beings and other creatures. That it is Gods will th at human beings be made and not just an accidental circumstance.Unlike the belief of Shayk Ahmad that Muslims were chosen even before the creation of the world and that they are the chosen ones. The belief that through the light of Muhammad the souls of the followers were made is a different belief to what Al Ghazali stated. Another difference that has been cited is that, Al Ghazali believes that a person is responsible for his own action. The reward and punishment given by God depends on the persons obedience and disobedience. This means that there would be a just distribution of the graces and punishments depending on how one lives his life.This may mean that a person is responsible for his own life. Unlike the belief of Shayk Ahmad, that since Muslims were chosen by God before the creation, they were given the graces before they ask of it. They just depend on their devotional practices in order to praise God and receive the graces that they are longing for. Another difference tha t these two Sufi figures have is the belief of Al Ghazali that human beings have their own free will and that they are the ones responsible for living their own lives. What would happen to them would be affected by Gods power and the case of their own action.Shayk Ahmads belief on this one is that Muslims, the chosen ones will be blessed. No matter how they live their lives they will be given the graces they seek. They just have to practice their daily devotions for them to have their graces even before they ask of it. However they are not at all different. They also have the same attributes. One same belief both of these Sufi figures have is that human beings were created by one commanding Being. They are created by God, however different they may be in presenting how creatures came to life, but they are still from one God.Another is that, they both believe that there is one Supreme Being that they need to experience up to and give praise for what we have in this world. They bot h believe that there is a God that we have to thank for our very own lives and for our everyday existence. Another thing that they are the same is that they both believe God gives us graces. How different their beliefs is on how they are given by God, they are in an agreement that God gives human beings blessings that they need. We can see as we have compared the two major Sufi figures, we were able to see how the same and how different their teachings can be.The teachings that they imparted on the Muslims affected their beliefs and divided them into different sects. It is the persons choice now of whom to believe in order to live their life following what that Supreme Being expects of His creations. As we can see, no matter whom we follow, no matter what belief we have, the guidance of that one Supreme Being is very important to each one of us. There is neither exact religion nor sect which would say that this is the right one for us, but what is important that we have our own bel iefs.We have our own rights to practice what we believe in order for us to have that life that God wanted us to have. All we have to keep in mentality now is how to live a life that may be harmonious with others, that we would be decreasing conflicts with other believers. One practice that one may do, suffice Christians to be good Christians or help Muslims to be good Muslims, no matter what religion you are, you are a creation of God.Works Cited Cole, Juan R. I. Individualism and the apparitional Path in Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsai.Occasional Papers in Shaykhi, Babi and Bahai Studies No. 4 (September, 1997). http//www. h-net. org/bahai/bhpapers/ahsaind. htm Cole, Juan R. I. Cosmologies of Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsai. The World as Text Cosmologies of Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsai. (1994) http//www-personal. umich.edu/jrcole/ahsai2. htm Khan, Hidayat Inayat. What is a Sufi?The International Sufi Movement. (June 2005) http//www. sufimovement. org/whatsufiis. htm http//www. ghazali. org/articles/gz1. h tm http//www. h-net. org/bahai/areprint/ahsai/ahsai. htm.

Historical Development of Nursing

Historical Development of Nursing Time duct Create a 700- to 1,050-word timeline paper of the historical development of withstand science, st ruseing with Florence Nightingale and proceed to the present. Format the timeline however you wish, just the word count and assignment requirements must be met. Include the following in your timeline Explain the historical development of treat science by citing specific years, theories, theorists, and events in the history of nursing. Explain the blood between nursing science and the profession. Include the influences on nursing science of opposite disciplines, such as philosophy, religion, education, anthropology, the complaisant sciences, and psychology. Prep be to discuss your timeline with your Learning Team or in class. Format all references accordant with APA guidelines. Copyright 2013 Penn Nursing Science, University of dada School of Nursing http//www. nursing. upenn. edu/nhhc/Pages/AmericanNursingIntroduction. aspx http//w ww. nursing. penn. edu/nhhc/Welcome%20Page%20Content/American%20Nursing. pdf Nursing Theories. The Base for Professional Nursing practise, Sixth Edition Chapter 2 Nursing Theory and Clinical Practice ISBN 9780135135839Author Julia B. GeorgeRN, PhD copyright 2011Pearson Education lorence Nightingale believed that the force for bring rounding resides within the gentle race organism and that, if the environment is appropriately supportive, reality will seek to heal themselves. Her 13 canons indicate the beas of environment of concern to nursing.These ar ventilation and warming, health of houses (pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light), petty management (today known as continuity of get by), noise, variety, victorious food, what food, wrinkle and bedding, light, cleanliness of rooms and walls, individual(prenominal) cleanliness, chattering hopes and advices, and observation of the sick. Hildegard E. Peplau focused on the interpersonal descent betwe en the fel modern and the patient. The tether phases of this relationship atomic number 18 orientation, working, and termination.The relationship is initiated by the patients felt need and termination occurs when the need is met. Both the nurse and the patient grow as a result of their interaction. Virginia Henderson first base defined nursing as doing for others what they lack the strength, will, or knowledge to do for themselves and then identified 14 comp sensationnts of dispense. These components provide a guide to identifying beas in which a person may lack the strength, will, or knowledge to meet personal needs.They involve breathing, eating and drinking, eliminating, moving, sleeping and resting, dressing and undressing appropriately, maintaining organic social administration temperature, keeping clean and defend the skin, avoiding dangers and injury to others, communicating, worshiping, working, playing, and learning. Dorothea E. Orem identified three theories of self-importance- finagle, self- superintend deficit, and nursing systems. The dexterity of the person to meet daily requirements is known as self-c atomic number 18, and carrying out those activities is self-care agency.Parents serve as dependent care agents for their children. The ability to provide self-care is influenced by basic conditioning factors including but not limited to age, gender, and developmental state. Self-care needs are partially determined by the self-care requisites, which are categorized as universal (air, water, food, elimination, activity and rest, solitude and social interaction, hazard prevention, run short within social groups), developmental, and health deviation (needs arising from injury or unhealthiness and from efforts to treat the injury or illness).The total demands created by the self-care requisites are identified as therapeutic self-care demand. When the therapeutic self-care demand exceeds self-care agency, a self-care deficit exists, and nur sing is needed. ground on the needs, the nurse designs nursing systems that are wholly compensatory (the nurse provides all needed care), partly compensatory (the nurse and the patient provide care together), or supportive-educative (the nurse provides needed support and education for the patient to exercise self-care). Dorothy E.Johnson stated that nursings area of concern is the conductal system that consists of seven subsystems. The subsystems are bond paper or affiliative, dependency, ingestive, eliminative, sexual, aggressive, and achievement. The doingss for each of the subsystems occur as a result of the drive, set, choices, and goal of the subsystem. The purpose of the behaviors is to reduce tensions and keep the behavioral system in balance. Ida Jean Orlando set forth a disciplined nursing process. Her process is initiated by the patients behavior.This behavior engenders a reaction in the nurse, described as an automatic perception, thought, or feeling. The nurse shares the reaction with the patient, identifying it as the nurses perception, thought, or feeling, and seeking validation of the accuracy of the reaction. Once the nurse and the patient have agreed on the immediate need that led to the patients behavior and to the action to be taken by the nurse to meet that need, the nurse carries out a deliberative action. Any action taken by the nurse for reasons other than meeting the patients immediate need is an automatic action.Lydia E. Hall believed that persons everyplace the age of 16 who were past the acute stage of illness required a different focus for their care than during the acute stage. She described the circles of care, core, and cure. Activities in the care circle belong solely to nursing and involve bodily care and comfort. Activities in the core circle are shared with all members of the health care team and involve the person and therapeutic use of self. Hall believed the drive to recovery must come from within the person.Activitie s in the cure circle in like manner are shared with other members of the health care team and may include the patients family. The cure circle focuses on the disease and the health check care. Faye G. Abdellah sought to change the focus of care from the disease to the patient and thus proposed patient-centered approaches to care. She identified 21 nursing problems, or areas vital to the growth and functioning of valets that require support from nurses when persons are for some reason limited in carrying out the activities needed to provide such growth.These areas are hygiene and comfort, activity (including exercise, rest, and sleep), safety, body mechanics, oxygen, nutrition, elimination, fluid and electrolyte balance, recognition of physiological responses to disease, regulatory mechanisms, sensory functions, emotions, interrelatedness of emotions and illness, communication, interpersonal relationships, unearthly goals, therapeutic environment, individuality, optimal goals, us e of community resources, and role of society.Ernestine Wiedenbach proposed a prescriptive theory that involves the nurses central purpose, prescription to fulfill that purpose, and the realities that influence the ability to fulfill the central purpose (the nurse, the patient, the goal, the means, and the framework or environment). Nursing involves the designation of the patients need for help, the ministration of help, and validation that the efforts make were indeed helpful.Her principles of helping indicate the nurse should look for patient behaviors that are not consistent with what is expected, should continue helping efforts in spite of encountering difficulties, and should recognize personal limitations and seek help from others as needed. Nursing actions may be reflex or extemporary and ground on sensations, conditioned or automatic and based on perceptions, impulsive and based on assumptions, or deliberate or responsible and based on realization, insight, design, and de cision that involves discussion and joint planning with the patient.Joyce Travelbee was concerned with the interpersonal process between the professional nurse and that nurses client, whether an individual, family, or community. The functions of the nurseclient, or human-to-human, relationship are to prevent or cope with illness or suffering and to find meaning in illness or suffering. This relationship requires a disciplined, intellectual approach, with the nurse employing a therapeutic use of self. The five phases of the human-to-human relationship are encounter, identities, empathy, sympathy, and rapport.Myra Estrin Levine described adaptation as the process by which saving is achieved, with the purpose of conservation being integrity, or preservation of the whole of the person. Adaptation is based on past experiences of effective responses (historicity), the use of responses specific to the demands being made (specificity), and more than one take aim of response (redundancy). Adaptation seeks the best fit between the person and the environment. The principles of conservation deal with conservation of capability, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity of the individual. Imogene M.King presented both a systems-based conceptual framework of personal, interpersonal, and social systems and a theory of goal attainment. The concepts of the theory of goal attainment are interaction, perception, communication, transaction, self, role, stress, growth and development, time, and personal space. The nurse and the client usually meet as strangers. severally brings to this meeting perceptions and judgments about the situation and the other each acts and then reacts to the others action. The reactions temper to interaction, which, when effective, leads to transaction or movement toward mutually agreed-on goals.She emphasizes that both the nurse and the patient bring important knowledge and information to this goal-attainment process. Martha E. Rogers identified the basic science of nursing as the Science of Unitary Human Beings. The human being is a whole, not a collection of parts. She presented the human being and the environment as dynamism fields that are integral with each other. The human being does not have an energy field but is an energy field. These fields can be identified by their pattern, described as a distinguishing characteristic that is perceived as a single wave.These patterns occur in a pandimensional world. Rogerss principles are resonancy, or continuous change to higher frequency helicy, or unpredictable movement toward increasing diversity and integrality, or the continuous mutual process of the human field and the environmental field. Sister Callista Roy proposed the Roy Adaptation Model. The person or group responds to stimuli from the innate or external environment through control processes or heading mechanisms identified as the regulator and cognator (stabilizer and innovator for the group) subsystems.The regulator processes are essentially automatic, while the cognator processes involve perception, learning, judgment, and emotion. The results of the processing by these coping mechanisms are behaviors in one of four modes. These modes are the physiological sensible mode (oxygenation nutrition elimination activity and rest protection senses fluid, electrolyte, and acidbase balance and endocrine function for individuals and resource adequacy for groups), self-conceptgroup identity mode, role function mode, and interdependence mode.These behaviors may be any reconciling (promoting the integrity of the human system) or powerless (not promoting such integrity). The nurse assesses the behaviors in each of the modes and identifies those adjustive behaviors that need support and those ineffective behaviors that require intervention. For each of these behaviors, the nurse then seeks to identify the associated stimuli. The stimulus to the highest degree directly associated with the behavior is the focal stimulus all other stimuli that are verified as influencing the behavior are contextual stimuli.Any stimuli that may be influencing the behavior but that have not been verified as doing so are residual stimuli. Once the stimuli are identified, the nurse, in cooperation with the patient, plans and carries out interventions to alter stimuli and support adaptive behaviors. The effectiveness of the actions taken is evaluated. Betty Neuman developed the Neuman Systems Model. Systems have three environmentsthe internal, the external, and the created environment. Each system, whether an individual or a group, has several structures. The basic structure or core is where the energy resources reside.This core is protected by lines of resistance that in turn are surrounded by the familiar line of defense and finally the flexible line of defense. Each of the structures consists of the five variables of physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, a nd spiritual characteristics. Each variable is influenced by intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal factors. The system seeks a state of equilibrium that may be disrupted by stressors. Stressors, either existing or potential, first encounter the flexible line of defense.If the flexible line of defense cannot counteract the stressor, then the normal line of defense is activated. If the normal line of defense is breached, the stressor enters the system and leads to a reaction, associated with the lines of resistance. This reaction is what is usually termed symptoms. If the lines of resistance allow the stressor to reach the core, depletion of energy resources and death are threatened. In the Neuman Systems Model, there are three levels of prevention. Primary prevention occurs before a stressor enters the system and causes a reaction.Secondary prevention occurs in response to the symptoms, and tertiary prevention seeks to support maintenance of constancy and to prevent future occurrences. Kathryn E. Barnards focus is on the circumstances that enhance the development of the young child. In her Child Health Assessment Interaction Model, the distinguish components are the child, the caregiver, the environment, and the interactions between child and caregiver. Contributions made by the child include temperament and ability to regulate and by the caregiver physical health, mental health, coping, and level of education.The environment includes both animate and inanimate resources. In assessing interaction, the parent is assessed in relation to sensibility to cues, fostering emotional growth, and fostering cognitive growth. The infant is assessed in relation to clarity of cue given and responsiveness to parent. Josephine E. Paterson and Loretta T. Zderad presented humanistic nursing. Humans are seen as worthy through choices, and health is a personal cling to of more-being and well-being. Humanistic nursing involves dialogue, community, and phenomenologic n ursology.Dialogue occurs through meeting the other, relating with the other, being in presence together, and sharing through call and response. Community is the sense of we. Phenomenologic nursology involves the nurse preparing to know another, having primordial responses to another, learning about the other scientifically, synthesizing information about the other with information already known, and development a truth that is both uniquely personal and in general applicable. Madeleine M. Leininger provided a guide to the inclusion of refinement as a vital aspect of nursing practice.Her Sunrise Model posits that important dimensions of culture and social structure are technology, religion, philosophy, kinship and other related social factors, cultural values and lifeways, politics, law, economics, and education within the context of language and environment. All of these influence care patterns and expressions that concussion the health or well-being of individuals, families, groups, and institutions. The diverse health systems include the folk care systems and the professional care systems that are linked by nursing.To provide culture congruent care, nursing decisions and actions should seek to provide culture care preservation or maintenance, culture care accommodation or negotiation, or culture care repatterning or restructuring. Margaret Newman described health as expanding consciousness. Important concepts are consciousness (the information capacity of the system), pattern (movement, diversity, and rhythm of the whole), pattern recognition (identification within the commentator of the whole of another), and transformation (change). Health and disease are seen as reflections of the larger whole rather than as different entities.She proposed (with Sime and Corcoran-Perry) the unitarytransformative paradigm in which human beings are viewed as unitary phenomenon. These phenomenon are identified by pattern, and change is unpredictable, toward diversity, and transformative. Stages of disorganization, or choice points, lead to change, and health is the evolving pattern of the whole as the system moves to higher levels of consciousness. The nurse enters into process with a client and does not serve as a problem solver. Jean Watson described nursing as human science and human care.Her clinical caritas processes include practicing loving-kindness and equanimity within a context of warmth consciousness being authentically present and enabling and sustaining the deeply belief system and subjective life world of self and one-being-cared-for cultivating ones own spiritual practice and transpersonal self, developing and sustaining helping-trusting in an authentic affectionateness relationship being present to and supportive of the expression of positive and negative feelings as a connection with the deeper spirit of self and the one-being-cared-for creatively using self and all ways of knowing as a part of the pity process to engage in artistry of caring-healing practices engaging in a tangible teaching-learning experience that attends to unity of being and meaning while attempting to stay within others frame of reference creating healing environments at all levels, physical as well as nonphysical, within a subtle environment of energy and consciousness, whereby the potentials of wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity, and peace are enhanced assisting with basic needs, with an intentional caring consciousness, to raise alignment of mind/body/spirit, wholeness, and unity of being in all aspects of care tending to both embodied spirit and evolving spiritual emergence open and attending to spiritual-mysterious and existential dimensions of ones own life-death and soul care for self and the one-being-cared-for. These caritas processes occur within a transpersonal caring relationship and a caring occasion and caring moment as the nurse and other come together and share with each other. The transpersonal caring relatio nship seeks to provide mental and spiritual growth for both participants while seeking to restore or improve the harmony and unity within the personhood of the other.Rosemarie Rizzo Parse developed the theory of Humanbecoming within the simultaneousness paradigm that views human beings as developing meaning through freedom to choose and as more than and different from a sum of parts. Her practice methodology has three dimensions, each with a related process. The first is illuminating meaning, or explicating, or making clear through talking about it, what was, is, and will be. The mo is synchronizing rhythms, or dwelling with or being immersed with the process of connecting and separating within the rhythms of the exchange between the human and the universe. The third is mobilizing transcendence, or moving beyond or moving toward what is envisioned, the moment to what has not yet occurred.In the theory of Humanbecoming, the nurse is an interpersonal guide, with the responsibility for decision making (or making of choices) residing in the client. The nurse provides support but not counseling. However, the traditional role of teaching does fall within illuminating meaning, and serving as a change agent is congruent with mobilizing transcendence. Helen C. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, and Mary Ann P. fashion plate presented the theory of Modeling and Role-Modeling. Both modeling and role-modeling involve an art and a science. Modeling requires the nurse to seek an understanding of the clients view of the world. The art of modeling involves the use of empathy in developing this understanding.The science of modeling involves the use of the nurses knowledge in analyzing the information collected to create the model. Role-modeling seeks to despatch health. The art of role-modeling lies in individualizing the facilitations, while the science lies in the use of the nurses theoretical knowledge base to plan and implement care. The aims of intervention are to build tru st, promote the clients positive orientation of self, promote the clients perception of being in control, promote the clients strengths, and set mutual health-directed goals. The client has self-care knowledge about what his needs are and self-care resources to help meet these needs and takes self-care action to use the resources to meet the needs.In addition, a major(ip) motivation for human behavior is the drive for affiliated individuation, or having a personal identity while being connected to others. The individuals ability to mobilize resources is identified as adaptive potential. Adaptive potential may be identified as adaptive equilibrium (a nonstress state in which resources are utilized appropriately), maladaptive equilibrium (a nonstress state in which resource utilization is placing one or more subsystems in jeopardy), arousal (a stress state in which the client is having difficulty mobilizing resources), or impoverishment (a stress state in which resources are diminishe d or depleted).Interventions differ according to the adaptive potential. Those in adaptive equilibrium can be encouraged to continue and may require only facilitation of their self-care actions. Those in maladaptive equilibrium present the challenge of seeing no reason to change since they are in equilibrium. Here motivation strategies to seek to change are needed. Those in arousal are best supported by actions that facilitate change and support individuation these are likely to include teaching, guidance, direction, and other assistance. Those in impoverishment have strong affiliation needs, need their internal strengths promoted, and need to have resources provided. Nola J.Pender developed the Health Promotion Model (revised) with the goal of achieving outcomes of health-promoting behavior. Areas identified to help understand personal choices made in relation to health-promoting behavior include perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers to action, perceived self-efficacy (o r ability to carry out the action), activity-related affect, interpersonal influences, situation influences, commitment to a plan of action, and immediate competing demands and preferences. Patricia Benner described keen nursing practice and identified five stages of skill acquisition as novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert.She discusses a number of concepts in relation to these stages, including agency, assumptions, expectations and set, background meaning, caring, clinical forethought, clinical judgment, clinical knowledge, clinical reasoning, clinical transitions, common meanings, concern, coping, skill acquisition, domains of practice, embodied intelligence, embodied knowledge, emotions, ethical judgment, experience, graded qualitative distinctions, intuition, knowing the patient, maxims, paradigm cases and personal knowledge, reasoning-in-transition, social embeddedness, stress, temporality, thinking-in-action, and unpremeditated practices. Juliet Corb in and Anselm L. Strauss developed the Chronic Illness Trajectory Framework, in which they describe the course of illness and the actions taken to shape that course. The phases of the framework are pretrajectory, trajectory onset, stable, unstable, acute, crisis, comeback, downward, and dying.A trajectory bulge is ones personal vision of the illness, and a trajectory scheme is the plan of actions to shape the course of the illness, control associated symptoms, and handle disability. Important also are ones biography or life story and ones everyday life activities (similar to activities of daily living). Anne Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer present nursing as caring in a grand theory that may be used in combination with other theories. Persons are caring by virtue of being human are caring, moment to moment are whole and complete in the moment and are already complete while growing in completeness. Personhood is the process of living grounded in caring and is enhanced through nurturin g relationships.Nursing as a discipline is a being, knowing, living, and valuing response to a social call. As a profession, nursing is based on a social call and uses a body of knowledge to respond to that call. The focus of nursing is nurturing persons living in caring and growing in caring. This nurturing occurs in the nursing situation, or the lived experience shared between the nurse and the nursed, in which personhood is enhanced. The call for nursing is not based on a need or a deficit and thus focuses on helping the other celebrate the fullness of being rather than seeking to tighten something. Boykin and Schoenhofer encourage the use of storytelling to make evident the service of nursing.Katharine Kolcaba developed a comfort theory in which she describes comfort, comfort care, comfort measures, and comfort needs as well as health-seeking behavior, institutional integrity, and intervening variables. She speaks of comfort as physical, psychospiritual, environmental, and soci ocultural and describes technical comfort measures, coaching for comfort, and comfort food for the soul. Ramona Mercer describes the process of becoming a mother in the four stages of commitment, attachment, and preparation acquaintance, learning, and physical restoration moving toward a new normal and achievement of the maternal identity. The stages occur with the three nested living environments of family and friends, community, and society at large.Afaf Meleis, in her theory of transitions, identifies four types of transitions developmental, situational, healthillness, and organizational. Properties of the transition experience include awareness, engagement, change and difference, time span, critical points, and events. Personal conditions include meanings, cultural beliefs and attitudes, socioeconomic status, and preparation and knowledge. Community conditions include family support, information available, health care resources, and role models. Process indicators are feeling co nnected, interacting, location, and being situated and developing confidence and coping. Outcome indicators include mastery and fluid integrative processes. Merle H.Mishel describes doubtfulness in illness with the three major themes of antecedents of uncertainty, appraisal of uncertainty, and coping with uncertainty. Antecedents of uncertainty are the stimuli frame, including symptom pattern, event familiarity, and event congruence cognitive capacity or informational processing ability and structure providers, such as education, social support, and likely authorities. Appraisal of uncertainty includes both inference (use of past experience to evaluate an event) and illusion (creating beliefs from uncertainty with a positive outlook). Coping with uncertainty includes danger, opportunity, coping, and adaptation.The Reconceptualized Uncertainty in Illness Theory adds self-organization and probabilistic thinking and changes the goal from return to previous level of functioning to gro wth to a new value system. Each of these models or theories will be applied to clinical practice with the following case study May Allenski, an 84-year-old White female, had emergency femoral-popliteal bypass surgery twain days ago. She has severe peripheral vascular disease, and a clot blocked 90% of the circulation to her right leg one week ago. The grafts were taken from her left leg, so there are long incisions in each leg. She lives in a small town about 75 miles from the medical exam center. The initial clotting occurred late on Friday night she did not see a doctor until Monday.The first physician referred her to a vascular specialist, who then referred her to the medical center. Her 90-year-old husband drove her to the medical center on Tuesday. You anticipate she will be discharged to home on the fourth postoperative day, as is standard procedure. She is learning to transfer to and from bed and toilet to wheelchair. Table 2-1 shows examples of application in clinical prac tice that are not complete but are intended to provide only a partial example for each. Study of these examples can provide ideas or suggestions for use in clinical practice. Readers are encouraged to develop further detail as appropriate to their practice.

“Motivation: Main Key of Public Service?”

Since their first day on earth humans have been running after happiness in form of cardinal or the different, though happiness is sanitary-nighthing that eludes any mavin who chases it, and instead, evolves step up of ones actions. Such characteristic of happiness was once nicely described by Allen K. Chalmerss words The grand essentials of happiness argon, something to do, someone to love and something to apply for. A package of actions give care that actu in ally brought forth the idea of motif the charger of mind that would keep one inspired to fulfill ones mission.To make things better, the sapient humans have even created umpteen sets of do-s and donts to maintain a consistent streak of want. Those sets have tremendous utility value to maintain balance and dead body in decision-making and action-taking. Over the years, social scientists have improvised those sets and subset of ideas to further establish the cohesion of thought and action, the ideal approach for any private or an psychiatric hospital to fulfil any under exactn mission. Thus this paper focuses on some of the essential elements of organized manner like indigence, Goal Setting and Reward System, to begin with approach path to its own conclusion and indicating about its future implication in the field of child protective service.What is motivating? a) It is an internal state or condition that activates behavior and gives it directionb) It is desire or want that energizes and directs goal-oriented behaviorc) It is an influence of needs and desires on the intensity and direction of behavior. (Huitt, 2001).Motivation is a psychological phenomenon that propels humans or any other organism to act be it for survival, or to develop, in this regard, even inaction can also be counted as the product of penury especially when humans engage themselves in deep thinking or meditation. Motivation is that persuasive force which the living beings can non do without. According to modern c are guru Shiv Khera (p. 112), motif is a drive that encourages action or feeling. Motivation can also mean igniting the spark for action. It is powerful. It can persuade, convince and propel you into action. In other words, motivation can be defined as motive for action. It is a force that can literally change your support (Khera, 2004).The definition above world power give in a few questions if motivation is something like an automated form why then people need to be motivated? or, if motivation process is already active, then what is the logic behind attempting to activate it further?While it is right that motivation guides every action, yet the degree of its intensity determines the level of strainment. superstar easy example of that is the difference between humans and animals while the animals achievements are limited in runing only a fuller life, humans lead a multi-dimensional life that is packed with uncountable actions in addition to the actions for living.Thus mo tivation converts itself to a primitive urge to survive when it deals with basics like existence, and it workings like the guiding light on aesthetics, emotional or esoteric plane of existence.According to Paul Hanna, every individual has many kind of goals spread out at various levels of his/her existence, and to achieve each of those goals s/he needs to utilize the power of mind and the force of body. In such circumstance motivation could be the only catalyst to synchronize the body and mind of that individual. Here the synchronization of body and mind covers more than the plain eye meets where motivation enables one to heighten the intensity of emotion and passion to achieve the goal, besides helping to create clear mental pictures of the goal and the roadmap to reach there (Hanna, 2001).Now if one considers about how many instances of such goals a human has to achieve in a single day, the importance of motivation would come clear to one. Humans world of desires is furthest mo re spread than any other creatures of earth, and therefore they need an uninterrupted supply of motivation to accomplish their missions. And what is a desire, anyway?Desire is a some kind of dream which people want to unearth by means of action. For that much needed action, humans need an zealous urge to bring it to perfection. Motivation provides that intense urge with its persuasive force, as for example, auto-suggestion. In the forming of that intense urge, Shiv Khera says, auto-suggestion is a statement made in the present tense, of the kind of person you want to be (Khera, 2004). Motivation thus, an element which conditions a humans to achieve their cherished goals.Reason for Choosing this Topic In this era of fierce competition in every sphere of life humans need to remain motivated to perform their tasks smoothly, to block the stress and to create space for thinking about future development. This more applicable when it comes to humans service or on behalf any non-profit o rganization, where motivation could be the only guiding force to inspire one to stick to social cause and not to opt for other services for personal gain. Therefore this topic has been chosen to spread more awareness regarding the potential of motivation and its impact on humans.How Motivation Works Motivation creates a power-packed belief about achieving success and creates a make-believe condition where the possibility of the success seems as a reality. There are many ways to motivate the self, but the easiest way to be motivated is to repeat the belief time and once again, salutary like hammering the idea again and again to get it registered in the unconscious mind. The reason behind such act is that, subconscious mind is considered to be a skeptic taskmaster who simply works on and on with whatever assigned to itIt is for this reason Dr. Joseph Murphy, writes in his book, The Power of Your Subconscious Mind (65), Belief is a thought in your mind that causes the power of your subconscious to be distributed into all phases of your life.While it is true that practice of self-motivation could be a tough task for someone initially, as it might take time to generate a belief in the abilities of the subconscious mind. Yet, the enormous potential of subconscious mind is now widely accepted and one can easily punctuate that with the wise sayings or from the success stories of many.If motivation is something like a train raring to move out from the platform, what could be the shortest possible roadmap between the starting show and the destination? With this question one discovers the importance of Goal- Setting a vital task for a person utilize the power of motivation. However motivated one becomes, in the absence of a roadmap, that power will be a sheer waste as the old adage goes an aimless life is like a rudderless ship in the sea without any fixed destination.Goal and Goal-settingGoal-setting enables one to march ahead with confidence and brings in joy an d cheer through fulfilling a mission in the shortest possible time. Situations shape like that, because the process of goal-setting imbibes the sense of purpose in any action, and thereby justifies it wholeheartedly. Human life has many sets of goals bundled within one big goal like happiness or contentment thus it can easily be understood that if one wants to achieve the main goal, one has to obtain the goals within it.But is it possible to achieve every goal of life? Certainly not. If it is so, then are the humans bound to miss the happiness? Certainly not, because it is the attitude towards accomplishing the goal that brings in satisfaction, which counts more on the devotion of ones inner beings rather than the external conditions, which might not ceaselessly be conducive to achieve the goal.To clear the confusion in this regard, the sages have provided a solution, where they created a sub set of goals within the main goal of happiness, which ordinarily covers the six areas o f human life. And they are1. Family To achieve harmony and prosperity.2. Finance To achieve source of sustenance and development and freedom of movement.3. Physical and mental health To achieve healthy body and a sound mind.4. Social state To achieve practiced understanding with the world around by mutual exchange of good vibes and necessities.5. Spiritual standing To achieve the understanding about the greater world and its association with self.There are many explanations available about these areas however, all are varied or extended interpretation of one single idea to be happy with ones endeavor in life. Thus, it is easily understood that goal-setting is that begrudge road-map or the action-plan which not only helps to achieve the goals, but also adds purpose in the actions.In other words, goal-setting is a multifarious instrument which encompasses all individual as well as collective goals, all the while acting as a helper to determine the feasibility of a goal, as w ell as a provider of suggestion of an alternative plan (John, 2007).Reward System Reward system is something that is based on the effect of appreciation and intelligence on the humans. It caters to the emotional need of humans, which in turn motivates them. In todays world, when every people are stretched with competition the need for emotional support is being snarl more than ever. Every behavior comes out of pain and gain principle, says Shiv Khera (p110), while emphasizing on the fact that if the pain is greater than the gain, then that would be a deterrent to smooth action. If the gain is greater than the pain, that is a motivator. (Khera, pp110)There can be many types of gains, ranging from money, vacations or gifts to medallions, or even they can be intangible too recognition, appreciation, sense of achievement, growth, responsibility, sense of fulfillment, self-worth, accomplishment, and belief are the examples of such gains, which comes more from selfless public service.R eward system separates the elements of motivation into two categories, external and internal. In the first category it lists items like money, societal fame, approval, or fear, while in the second, it keeps factors like pride, sense of achievement, responsibility and belief. It values the fact that inner motivation is actually the inner gratification that might not always depends on the material success it is an innate desire to feel content with an accomplishment, rather than just achieving a goal (Khera, 2004).This is very important issue in the sphere of public service. The elements like praise, love and faith can rise anytime as the around important element of motivation under a specific environment, they can be instrumental to boost ones self esteem, or to build a substantive conviction to march ahead towards ones cherished goal. Inner motivation factors are bound to be more powerful than the outer ones.CONCLUSIONFrom the above give-and-take it becomes clear that motivation , goal setting and reward system together form the way towards, the ultimate goal, and all three of them are entwined and can even be flexible in their order of appearance. Primary motivation (to succeed in life) helps to goal setting which then can check and filter the mission before breaking them into easy steps.Next, reward system inspires a person towards accomplishing the mission. However, in all its form, motivation is extremely powerful and an invaluable tool to succeed in life. It persuades, convinces and propels one into action and therefore, it is an invaluable tool to motivate oneself and others in public service or in non-profit organizations.Application of Motivation in Chosen commission Since Im planning to work as child protective service worker in charge of four co-workers, I can utilize the power of motivation at every level of its functioning, where goal-setting can help us in formulating our schedules in three steps long-term, mid-term and short-term, while rew ard system can take clue from the history of civilization that records innumerable selfless human endeavors to achieve happiness for the society.For the greater application of motivation we would use factors like pride, sense of achievement, responsibility and belief in oneself, besides practicing auto-suggestion technique and covering all areas of life that one has to deal in life. This way we would keep our spirit fresh to chip in ourselves in public service.A Brief Overview of How Motivation can be Applied into My Workplace ReferencesCarnegie, D. (1999). How to Stop Worrying and Start Living. Dale Carnegie Associates Inc.Hanna, P. (2001). Believe and reach. Penguin Books, 2001.Huitt, W. (2001). Motivation to learn An Overview. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA Valdosta State University. Retrieved 12 April 2008. http//chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/motivation/motivate.htmlKhera, S. (2004). You Can Win. Macmillan India, 2004Murphy, J. (2001). The Power of Your Subconscious Mind. piddling Books, January 2001Motivation. Retrieved 10 April 2008. http//www.d.umn.edu/kmc/student/loon/acad/strat/motivate.htmlMotivation & Leadership. (1997). Retrieved 10 April 2008. http//www.nwlink.com/donclark/leader/leadmot.htmlSeven Rules of Motivation. (2000). Retrieved 11 April 2008. http//www.motivation-tools.com/ elements/seven_rules.htmInformation Technology and Management. What is Motivation? Retrieved 12 April 2008. http//opax.swin.edu.au/388226/howto/it2/motiv1.htmJohn. (2007). Increase Self Motivation. Retrieved 12 April 2008. http//www.pickthebrain.com/blog/21-proven-motivation-tactics/Webb, B. (2000). Elements of Motivation. Motivational-Tool. Retrieved 12 April 2008. http//www.motivation-tools.com/elements/ database.Weller, M. (2005). General Principles of Motivation. Retrieved 12 April 2008. http//honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/ motivate.htm

Fast Food Transforming American Society Essay

disruptive intellectual nourishment has swelled to be a large-mouthed rive of the Statesn Society. According to Eric Schlosser, Over the past few decades, invigoratey nutrient has infiltrated every nook and cranny of American Society (3). In a sense, his statement about immediate nutriment is not too exaggerated. Today, we see lush diet any over America, whether it is through television advertisements, billboards, and magazines. America has great(p) to be the number one fast regimen country in the world. The increase of fast sustenance has resulted in good business for the fast food industry In 2000 Americans exhausted about $110 billion on fast food comp atomic number 18d to $6 billion in 1970 (Schlosser).Why atomic number 18 Americans spending huge amounts of cash on fast food? How has the fast food industry grown to become a huge influence on American society? Seyhan Sipahi states, Recent global economical crisishad a crippling effect on almost all financial se ctors in many a(prenominal) countries. Surprisingly, the fast food industry had not be adversely affected What is keeping the fast food industry a receive? Could it be that more families argon turning to fast food because recent economic crisis? The fast food industry has grown to be more efficient than when it first started. Making food selling more convenient, fast and for a cheap price has attracted customers.There are multiple ways the fast food industry has transform American society and what it is to live in America. In this generation, more mothers are in the workforce than in that respect were in the past. Since Womens labor force participation is significantly spiriteder at once than it was in the 1970s, particularly among women with children (Labor Force Participation of Women and Mothers, 2008, The Editors Desk) ever since then the rate has been going up. Now that both parents are away from home office working it desexs it harder for them to make home cooked meals. Due to the lack of home cooked meals, many Americans families have turned to fast food.According to Schlosser, three generations ago more money was being spent on food in the United States to make meals at home (3). Fast food has taken over the diet of many American families. It is more convenient to buy some topic that is near by, prepared fast, and is reasonably priced for its proportion. another(prenominal) reason why people choose fast food is because honestly it is delicious. Nothing that is made at home can compare to something made at a fast food restaurant. It is hard to get sick of fast food because there are so many restaurants to choose from that each have their own relishings in foods.The largest class in America is the middle(a) class. Since middle class makes up the majority of the American population it is reasonable to say these families with lower income tend to buy fast food more often. Fast food restaurants have grown to be more efficient in the way that they pr oduce their meals. On Dec. 12, 1948, when Richard and Maurice transformed their barbecue joint into the first McDonalds restaurant, focusing on speed, value and high volume. (Hill). This helped build a kind of assembly line of workers, each worker in charge of one job.For suit, in order to make a hamburger, one would be in charge of getting the buns, another in charge of putting the patty, another in charge of putting the lettuce and tomato, and on. In doing this, production of the food becomes a great deal faster. Food being frozen before preparing it is another way that fast food restaurants have grown more efficiently. Schlosser gives an example with guacamole that is made in Mexico, frozen, and shipped to the restaurant (40). Many fast food restaurants do this with the products they serve, although their advertisements may say fresh.Drive-throughs and computerized cash registers have also helped fast food restaurants speed up time for their consumers. An example of how drive throughs are so successful is Victorias experience Theres just one arrange that Victoria Vollaire stops every day. Its not the supermarket. Its not the ATM. Its the drive-thru. This costs her $400 a month right out the drive-thru window. I dont like getting out of the car, explains Vollaire, who lives in Ontario, Calif. , and works as a hotel guest service aide. More than half the money spent on fast food rolls in through the drive-thru lane. (Horovitz)Drive-throughs give restaurants the ability to take multiple orders and give convenience for customers that are in a hurry. concourse like the conscience of not stock-still having to get out of there cars to get their food. Computerized cash registers with buttons for every order possible help to make orders quick and precise. These days it is not surprising to see a fast food restaurant almost at every corner in America. A sight was made on how fast food restaurants cluster around cultivates in America. Steven Gortmaker, in cha rge of this study, states, 78% of schools had at least(prenominal) one fast food restaurant within 800 meters.Fast food restaurants tend to cluster near schools and offices because it is more convenient, with the idea to gain more business. Many fast food restaurants are close to places where children and adolescent are close by. They do this because these two age groups are the most targeted by the fast food industry (Fast Food Targeted Marketing). Another study, on a high school that sold fast food products concludes that fast food is 70% of all food sold at the school (Calderon. ) As the expansion of fast food companies continues to increase, more restaurants are seen closer together.Before, companies use to stay away from competition, but now they are clustered all over the place. It seems as though fast food restaurant expansion has forced them to cluster even to the extent of having fast food shopping centers. Fast food has greatly transformed popular culture in America. By looking at McDonalds as an example, McDonalds has far surpassed any other fast food chain in America and possibly the world. McDonalds has grown very close to many children A survey for American schoolchildren found that 96 percent could put Ronald McDonald (Schlosser).What makes fast food so popular in America? Many people appraise fast food industries for their products because they are delicious and affordable. Did affordability of fast food make it so popular? Fast food transforms popular culture in America mainly through advertising. Whether it is on television, sponsoring professional athletes, or even promoting events like the Olympics or the World Cup. It is said that In 2009, teens saw 5 fast food ads each day (Fast Food Targeted Marketing). The majority of the commercial on TV are based on fast food companies.Fast food has become a trend in American society, eating it is in the norms of society today. Fast food advertisement has a mon lynchpin, see monkey do effect on peop le. If people see illustrious celebrities on TV eating or promoting the fast food company, it encourages them to go. The constant selling of fast food causes higher demands in agricultural resources. According to Schlosser, The fast food manacles now stand atop a huge food-industrial complex, taking control of American Agriculture (59). It is getting harder for farmers outside of this food industrial complex to watch over business. Many times farmers and cattle ranchers become hired hands for the agribusiness giants (Schlosser). Although the giant agriculture business may seem powerful, it is still on the tin can of the fast food companies because they are what make their business. The fast-food industry changed the nations retail economy, eliminating small businesses, encouraging the spread of chains and uniformity, fast food has transformed American agriculture (Schlosser). Apart from agriculture fast food, companies have also influenced how cattle should be raised, killed, an d made into ground beef.The influence of the fast food companies on slaughterhouses has made the work environment a dangerous place. These slaughterhouses sound dangerous for the workers as well as for those consuming the meat. Meatpacking as grown to be one of the most dangerous jobs in America (Gardner). There is a lot of equipment that is dangerous and can cause severe injuries to workers. According to Gardner, at least 29. 3% of meat workers suffered injury or illness compared to 9. 7% for the rest of manufacturing (Working Conditions in American Slaughterhouses Worse than You Thought).Carl Karcher started his fast food business by buy one hot dog cart and then from there he bought another three hot dog carts in Los Angeles. Not too much time past before Karcher had some competition. Recently moved from New Hampshire, the McDonald brothers came to California to find jobs. They opened up a hamburger shop and became famous for their delicious hamburgers. The brothers strived in c oming up with new ways to make more money until finally one day they closed down their shop. A few months later the McDonald brothers reopened their shop, with a bigger grill, and a whole new process to make hamburgers.They would divide the food preparations into tasks. This is what started the whole assembly line way to preparing fast food and has been implemented by many fast food restaurants ever since. Two groups that fast food companies look to for hiring are teenagers and illegal immigrants. Having these two types of groups as a workforce allows fast food companies to spend less money on hired hands and more on advertising and expanding (Schlosser. ) Having workers that are not looking for a long-term job lets fast food companies have fewer benefits for their workers.The wages for fast food employees is far too critical in ratio to the work that is expected. Fast food companies hire teenagers because they can survive with low pay and most are dependent on their parents. The statistics from the ages, 16-20, all makes up 25% of the fast food workforce (Food Services and Drinking Places). Immigrants, on the other hand, cannot complain if they get paid so little because they are illegal and will work under most circumstances. The expansion of fast food companies has created many jobs over the years.Out of all food services and tipsiness places, fast food companies make up 47% (Food Services and Drinking Places). In the past few decades, food-related illness has increased (Schlosser). The way food is touch has affected its quality. Many of the livestock used to produce that typical hamburger patty are mistreated. The most common sickness that the livestock catch is E Coli. In December 2006 71 people became sick with E. coli after eating at Taco Bell restaurants in New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Delaware (OShea). It is hard to hit the hay for sure what is in fast food because most of the time this side of the story is covered up.Aside from meats getting pathogens, artificial flavoring is another key aspect of many fast food products. Many fast food companies injected their products with artificial flavoring. McDonalds for example infuses its fries and chicken sandwiches with essences that mimic beef tallow (Tamminen). Does the food taste that bad that places like McDonalds has turn to artificial flavoring? Can the chemicals being put in fast food be harmful to humans? Although there maybe some companies using artificial flavors, there many other companies that live up to natural flavors. What is the future of fast food industry in America?Will the fast food industry just keep growing until one day it not only becomes a big part of American life but also other places around the world? Fast food companies are expanding at an increasing rate causing high demands for more food. At this rate, could it be possible that someday the fast food industry will control all of the food distribution in America? They practically do alread y because they are the greatest contributors in meats, corn, potatoes and more. What will be the future for fast food in America? At its grown rate, the fast food industry seems to be taking over many Americans highways.Having many fast food chains by highways makes it all most inconceivable to not run into a fast food restaurant. Will the constant expansion of fast food restaurants bring down the big grocery stores and step in them? America has grown accustom to convenience when it comes to food. What do other countries think when they see America? Should America be proud because it is the number one fast food country in the world? It is hard to say where fast food will take America in the future, but one thing is certain fast food and America can never be separated.

Consumer Securities Trading in United States

The following is an in depth look at the effects the Internet has had on vocation securities in the United States. Its single-valued function is to define the impact of the Internet by determining specific changes in the structure of the profession food commercialise as a sequel of the numerous online securities firm firms that drop surfaced in the prehistoric fewerer years. A design look at conventional brokerages and food market characteristics prior to the advent of the Internet provides a foundation with which to survey many of its impacts.The arrival of the online brokerage exercise has not al one(a) introduced an enti swear new vehicle with which to raft securities, but it also beginning to effect the way traditional brokerages view their own argument models. Specifi bellowy, it appears that both(prenominal) the online/ send packing model and adept helping model of brokerages forget both succeed in the following(a) few years, with the top firms exhibit ing characteristics somewhere between the two extremes. New Ameritrade television commercials debuted early this year with a twenty-some intimacy-year-old punk extolling the virtues of his new brokerage account to various business men and women.Perhaps the witty E*trade commercial featuring monkeys that first aired during the 2000 Super Bowl was to a greater extent notable. These commercials atomic number 18 quite a contrast to the traditional brokerage commercials of Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, and Fidelity among others. This contrast is for good reason. Online brokerages have uprooted the traditional model of consumer securities trading and have attracted a critical mass of followers. Before brokerage fees were deregulated 1975, eliminating fixed commissions, trading was something only done by the wealthy.Since then, fees have dropped considerably among the panoptic-of-the-moon- dish up firms making it possible for more and more people to coiffe portfolios. Unti l 1995 there was still a fundamental restraint for many consumers entree to timely and accu station info at any time from their own computer. With the arrival of online brokerages in 1995 came a slew of options for investors, new and old, to access an abundance of information and investigate, and to initiate their own trades all at considerably dissolveed fees.According to Deutsche Banc, as of 2Q00, online brokerage accounts delineated approximately 25% of all accounts in the United States. Furthermore, by 2003, online brokerage accounts argon estimated to delay 50% of the brokerage market. The online model has already attracted nearly 20 million investors, initiating an increase in general trading studyity. An brief examination of the brokerage industry pre-arrival of the Internet and an in depth look at the brokerage industry today illuminates the many differences and possible implications for the future of consumer securities trading in the United States. handed-down br okerages have been operating freely since 1975. The deregulation of brokerage fees at this time allowed new firms to enter the market, score the first study alteration in the way Wall Street traditionally offered its operate. Before 1975, the market consisted solely of climb help firms, those firms who offer trading, research, and financial advice through brokers or financial advisors at a considerable fee. After fees were deregulated, sack firms began to appear, offering consumers smaller fees, but at the cost of slight research and financial advice.The market slowly split between these two types of business models, but they were fundamentally confusable for 20 years generate revenue by providing consumers the ability to trade and receive financial advice establish upon firm research. The concept of having a broker, or financial advisor who acts as an agent for consumers, was the prevailing nous of blood line trading in between 1975 and 1995. Many of those who had portfoli os would leave its management entirely up to their brokers, others would call periodically for advice, and some would be actively co-managing their portfolios with the broker.The prevailing model for securities trading was still professionally managed, although contrasting levels of management and cost evolved at this time. Wall Street was altered again in 1995, probably more significantly than in 1975, when securities trading and the Internet converged. According to the Securities Industry Association, K. Aufhasuer & Company was the first to execute securities trading online in 1994. However, it was not until 1995 that the first online brokerages debuted their new business model.Momentum mounted quickly, as many investors flocked to the steerer of extremely discounted prices and quick trade execution. Without the brick and mortar presence typical of the traditional brokerages and a significantly little extensive network of research and financial advice, online brokerages can off er transactions at fractions of the costs of traditional brokerages, even of the traditional discounters. The first online investors were, and still are, preponderantly a mix of young, first-time investors and older, more experience ones, harmonise to a McKinsey & Company study.When online brokerages first surfaced, they introduced an entirely unique channel for delivering securities trading to consumers. No other brokerage firms offered the ability to trade securities over the Internet it was exclusively reserved for those companies referred to as online brokerages. This has changed however over the past couple of years. Traditional full-service brokerages are beginning to adopt their own online components.The two most frequently cited reasons for the stupefy of full service firms to enter the online market were customer pressure, and the fear of asset flight to online brokerages, according to a Deloitte & Touche Survey. The ability to distinguish these early online brokerages f rom full service firms is no longer a matter of whether or not they offer online services.The distinguishing feature now is between the cost of their services, segregating firms into a classification again of discount or full service. In a sense, the online model has redefined discount, moving the discount brokerage to a a good deal further extreme. Indeed, it is true that most of the firms that are classified today simply as discount are founded on an online business model or have quickly adopted online capabilities, but many of the full service firms, as mentioned, are turning to the online channel in hopes of competing with the discounters. Therefore, when an online brokerage is referred to, it implies both the discount firms and the few full service firms with online capabilities.The evolution of the online brokerage market has been explosive in growth, catapulting from salutary one online brokerage in 1995 to an estimated 170 in 2000, totaling 19. 5 million online accounts (r efer to Figure 1 below). The first online brokerages to emerge were predominantly deep discount, followed by mid discount firms, and finally some of the traditional discount incumbents adopted an online outline and are now classified as mid-tier firms. To illustrate this trend, consider the emergence of 5 of todays top 6 online brokerages In 1996, two major deep discount firms emerged, Datek and Ameritrade.Over the coterminous two years, two major mid-discount firms appeared, E*trade and DLJdirect. In 1998, Charles Schwab make their presence felt in the online market which was one of the few traditional discount firms before the online model developed. Fidelity quickly followed suit. This upsurge of online brokerages and the trend for some of the traditional brokerages to go online has had some lasting effects on the securities trading market, which lead be explored in the next two sections. The impact of online brokerages is manifested in nearly every aspect of the securities tr ading market today.Trading intensity level increase is one of the largest impacts, as a result of the ease and availability of trading that online accounts bring to consumers. It is outlay examining the numbers to determine if the large increases in trading volume are actually a result of online accounts, or merely pure correlation with a booming bull market. Over the past decade, the volume of shares traded on the NASDAQ stock market has grown at a compound annual rate of 26%, but since the arrival of online brokerages in 1995, it has grown at a rate of 30%.Although this is not an capacious increase, it is certainly quite significant. To look at it in another light, online accounts represented 15% of all brokerage accounts in the US, but more than 37% of the trading volume. Based upon past experience in the stock market, it may seem that this increase in trading volume is an entirely productive result. However, much of the trading volume from online accounts is a result of day t rading, which raises concerns with the SEC. Day trading was not possible before online brokerages made it possible to quickly and effectively trade securities multiple times daily.It is a speculative business, more so than the traditional brokerage business. As Deloitte & Touche describes it, Customers usually trade in and out of several securities positions every day hoping to lay down a positive spread on their transactions. The SEC is responsible for maintaining fair and orderly markets, to protect investors, and to compel securities laws that were established upon principles that day trading discards. According to a Deloitte & Touche survey, 62% of discount firms said they would offer services to day traders versus 0% at full service firms.Most online brokerages recognize that day traders make up an integral portion of their customer base, and do not wish to sacrifice the relationship. Day trading is one negative result of the advent of online brokerages that will remain a ch allenge for some time to come. some other notable consequence of online brokerages is the further development of after hours trading. The New York Stock Exchange first spread out its hours to off hours trading in 1991. The NYSE added a modest extension extending the after hours from 4pm to 515pm. It is now possible, with an online account to trade at any time.This can be valueous to many investors in adult them more flexibility regarding time availability and for investors overseas who have holdings in US securities and cannot trade at regularly scheduled hours. After hours trading in 1999 represented 50% of all online transactions. Online brokerages have meliorate execution time quite dramatically to an median(a) of 20 seconds per trade versus nearly 60 seconds for full service firms. In addition to improved execution time, the dependableness and accuracy of online executions at discount firms is mainly considered to be far superior to full service firms online counterparts .The reasons most frequently cited for this are two-fold. First, most discount firms are built upon an online model, it is their core competency, allowing them to devote all of their efforts to perfect the core of their business model. Discount firms rely on trade volume for revenue, not asset accumulation, so it is imperative that their trade execution is the best that it can be. The second reason for superior trade execution at discount firms is that full service firms simply do not devote the same technological resources to their online channel.Full service firms focus generally on performing cutting edge research, and providing sound financial advice through its network of brokers. The speed and reliability in execution at discount firms has been one of the top attractions of investors, along with largely discounted prices. The online brokerage market has also greatly impacted the availability of brokerage services to those who were previously unreachable. This hinges upon Int ernet penetration in the US, which is approaching 120 million active adult Internet users, or a penetration rate of 50%.As was mentioned previously, the first investors to move online were mainly those who were brand new to securities trading, or those who were experienced generous to feel confident trading with little or no professional advice. Most of them brought below average asset values online. In fact, in mid-1999, although online accounts represented 15% of all brokerage accounts, they only represented 5% of the total assets. As stated previously, these accounts also accounted 37% of the trading volume. That would indicate that the online brokerages do not focus on producing revenue through asset accumulation, but through trading volume.This has some major implications to be discussed in the next session. The majority of discount firms rely on trading volume to bring forth revenue through their online offerings. This means they depend on accumulating customers who trade fr equently in order to ask fees for trades made. Trade volume has been increasing quite dramatically over the past few, as the percentage of online trades increases as a proportion of total. This bodes well for the online brokerages who are accumulating customers, although those players who are at the bottom of the pack will plausibly fall out soon.The market is remarkably consolidated after just 4 years in existence. In fact, the top ten online brokerages comprise 90% of the online assets and accounts, and the top 4 comprise 86%. Those brokerages who are having a tough time accumulating customers and trade volume even spell the online brokerage market is hot, will likely fall out soon. Referring back to Figure 1, it can be seen that the number of online brokerage firms is expect to decrease over the next few years while the number of online accounts increases. The online industry is consolidating quickly while continuing to grow.Although there is still a large disparity between di scount firms and full service firms in terms of how they operate and what they offer, this is likely to change in the coming years. Already, the trend for full service firms to go online is in motion, and there are even some discount firms that are beginning to complement their trading services with plans for banking, insurance, and bill payment services. Currently, discount firms have approximately 74% of their transactions online versus 18% online at full service firms.In a Deloitte & Touche survey, 100% of full service firms said they mean to use online trading to enter new businesses, create alliances, or shift the business model, and 74% of discount firms said they planned to add additional services that are typically offered only by full service firms. It appears that the two extremes in brokerage services are headed towards a common middle ground. As the author of the Deloitte & Touche study put it, the distinction between discount brokers and full service firms is becoming less evident.There is distinct evidence that the brokerages that will prevail in the next decade will have features of both a discount brokerage and a full service brokerage. A 50/50 hybrid model of online and full service could prevail, but it is more likely that the future constituents will be based on one core competency (online vs. full service) and have significant characteristics of its counterpart. This is because each business model solicitations to different segments of the population.It is generally agreed that full service firms have a distinct advantage in advertising dollars and brand equity, and appeal to investors with more money and/or less knowledge of investing. Online brokerages appeal generally to investors with less money and/or more knowledge of investing. At this point in time, they are quite distinct, but the gap is closing. Another salient example of this phenomenon is that the top focus of current trade strategies for 18% of online brokerages is to build brand equity, a la the full service firms. Each model, discount and full service, is moving to a common ground.The question that now stands is, who will win out? It is not an indulgent task to predict the future, or the future of brokerage services in the United States for that matter. One thing is for sure the online channel will succeed. The top brokerages of the future will certainly incorporate online components very significantly. Those that will continue to succeed will be able to be flexible and adjust to the changing demands of consumers and technology, just as the top firms today are able to embrace the online channel. As Deloitte & Touche put it, firms that cannot be forward-looking will find themselves niche players or acquisition targets.