Thursday, August 27, 2020
The Benefits of Training Hotel Employees Research Paper
The Benefits of Training Hotel Employees - Research Paper Example As a component of this, the need to prepare and change with the determinants that characterize the current model of business turns out to be obviously show. In addition, for motivations behind this short examination, the creator will look to incorporate a comprehension and thankfulness for the methods by which preparing inside the domain of the neighborliness business is both vital and personally connected to the future execution of whatever association or group coordinates with a profitable wellspring of preparing. As a methods for coordinating a gratefulness and comprehension of the significance of preparing inside the cordiality business, this investigation will consider and talk about the methods by which preparing can improve the key aptitudes, compromise capacities, and customer degrees of consistency that an element may try to lock in. At last, a rundown of worries that a given substance or association ought to consider before taking part in preparing will likewise be listed a nd explained upon as a component of permitting the peruser to see a portion of the basic traps that numerous inside the field of business advancement fall prey to. One of the essential factors that rings a bell of the peruser when they hear the term preparing or look to clarify the significance that such a develop can bring to a given element or association, one of the essential musings that is engaged has to do with the level to which preparing can try to confer another range of abilities inside the investors of the association/element. This is a lot of valid with the cordiality business too. For example, while fundamental buyer relations, telephone behavior, and best practices can be imparted inside the way of life of the association and went down from representative to worker in something of an apparently solid line, these are ideals and elements of the companyââ¬â¢s culture that are to some degree changeless (Sobaih, 2011). On the subject of
Saturday, August 22, 2020
MLA Bibliography Mla
MLA Bibliography MlaAnnotated Bibliography Mla is a versatile tool for academic and non-academic writers. It was invented by Sidney Bertram, who learned it in the second year of study at Columbia University.The most striking feature of this book is its annotation scheme. Each entry is annotated with the exact quotation or the passage that is quoted in the text. The process is based on a paraphrase system and involves employing different types of embellishments to enhance the appearance of an entry.For example, a person who has to copy the chapter in the 'conventional' format will be taught how to make use of this annotation scheme so that he or she may not find it hard to read the entire chapter. Indeed, the author has prepared a short outline of each entry so that the student may easily start scanning the page and thus keep track of what has been mentioned.As far as the syntax is concerned, the annotations in MLA Bibliography Mla are grammatically correct and reliable. This makes th em very much important for the students who are writing scholarly articles, dissertations for examination. Moreover, they can also be used for developing theoretical study for other purposes, including furthering and improving the learning experience. This makes it possible for students to avail of multiple benefits.There are numerous benefits of using the annotation scheme in MLA Bibliography Mla. Here are some of them:* Students find it easy to add annotations to an article using MLA Bibliography Mla. On the other hand, the author's annotation is also bound to be a bit difficult for the students to follow.* Anyone can use this annotation scheme in MLABibliography Mla. Therefore, even a teacher who is not really good at editing or writing can make use of this software. However, when an author or a student has difficulty in making the annotations, he or she can always have the help of the program.* The annotations in MLA Bibliography Mla can be printed in a single step. Therefore, t he annotations can be reproduced and printed in a book. In addition, this may also be helpful in the editing process.
Friday, August 21, 2020
The Cultural Heritage of Canada
As every age transforms it makes a one of a kind character. With the progressions in generational character, the family life likewise changes. The fundamental guilty party of this change is the worth framework. An investigation of the previous 3-4 Canadian ages exhibit that every age respects esteems differently.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Cultural Heritage of Canada explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Statistics show that the level of the single-parent families has impressively expanded, and the extent of lawful relationships has declined. Also, the level of the customary law relationships is on the ascent. The measurements further demonstrate that separation cases and occurrences of remarriage have significantly expanded. This review exhibits that the Canadian family set up has moved from the conventional sort of family. With the twentieth century, the accentuate place on marriage moved with individuals organizing instruction and money related security. The social legacy of Canada expected individuals to build up free family units. Since this required enormous money related speculations, youngsters worked for longer years so as to have enough reserve funds before marriage. Accordingly, the normal age from the start marriage rose for both the people. In the nineteenth century, cultivating was the principle wellspring of job (Bradbury, 214). During this period, families lived on homesteads and couples thought of it as favorable to have huge families. Youngsters occupied with day by day tasks and gave a wellspring of ranch work. Considering the different strict teachings that extensively impacted the general public, and the absence of successful measures with respect to conception prevention, the normal number of youngsters was essentially enormous at a normal of 6.6 kids per family in 1851. In the late nineteenth century, families began moving to urban areas because of the various financial open doors made by indust rialization (Milan, 3). Because of the various instances of kid taking part in long working hours in hazardous conditions, and in the wake of making different contemplations, the legislature executed the kid work laws and a law requesting a compulsory school-participation until the age of 16 years. These progressions started the decrease in the family size in Canada. In such manner, by 1921, the normal family size had declined to 3.5 kids per family (Milan, 3). The current prohibitive laws that just allowed separate with the confirmation of infidelity, essentially moderated separate cases.Advertising Looking for paper on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the late nineteenth century, the family set up was inflexible with the occasions of solitary guardians, childless couples, and couples living under the customary law existing not as an individual decision, but since of unavoidable conditions like the passing o f a life partner. Unexpected frailty conditions and regular maladies during this time caused high death rates (Milan, 3). The vacant home situation was normal. Because of the commonness of couples passing on at youthful age, widows and single men remarried, as they required help with bringing up the small kids, household work, or monetary help. For instance, insights show that in 1921, 17 percent of the relationships included recently wedded spouse(s). The Great Depression further quickened the decrease in the quantity of kids conceived in Canada. The vast majority of the individuals couldn't deal with the monetary and social duties of marriage due to the tremendous money related compels. In such manner, marriage rates declined. The period around the 1930 saw birth paces of not exactly a normal of three youngsters for each lady. Besides, an impressive number of ladies with elevated levels of training and salary kept away from having any youngsters. The beginning of the Second World War influenced the Canadian family set up in different manners. The vulnerabilities related with the war and the dread that induction may be presented administered surged relationships, and expanded remarriages and separations in the period after the war. What's more, the post war period saw various changes in the family structure (Milan, 5). The quantity of family members and more distant family individuals joined to specific family unit declined. By the 1950s, most families contained just the guardians and the reliant youngsters. In this new family set up, the spouse was utilized outside the home while the wife thought about the kids at home. A further decrease in the marriage rates towards the finish of the twentieth century was joined by an expansion in the quantity of couples living respectively in the custom-based law plan. Albeit generally the ladies were relied upon to wed to more established men, this standard was less seen with the different social changes encouraging the contracting age hole between couples (McLanahan, 610). This pattern showed the narrowing hole among people as far as their relative status in the general public. In this manner, these social changes disintegrated the customary perspectives and practices that formed the family set up.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Cultural Heritage of Canada explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More They gave ladies more autonomy particularly through monetary strengthening and induced the acknowledgment of the recently disdained non-marriage choices. They have additionally advanced the inclination towards late relationships and sometimes the full departing suddenly from marriage. The presentation of the separation demonstration in 1968 changed the guidelines and discernments that debilitated the end of relationships. A change of the demonstration in 1986 made altogether less prohibitive separation laws (Milan, 7). These laws combined with different social changes advanced separation as a socially satisfactory alternative for a person whose marriage was not up to their desires. The quantity of solitary guardians, particularly solitary moms, expanded significantly credited to the expanding divorces and the quantity of births outside associations (McLanahan, 609). The developing money related freedom of ladies as they can stand to bring up their youngsters by their own has likewise added to this pattern particularly in the 21st century. Moreover, the law favors ladies about the authority of kids in separate from cases. Remarriages have likewise expanded as separation builds the number of inhabitants in individuals qualified to remarry. Towards the finish of the twentieth century, the richness rates impressively declined to arrive at the most minimal recorded ripeness rate throughout the entire existence of Canada. This came about because of the advancement of progressively powerful contraceptives that encouraged couples to constrain the quantit y of their kids. Likewise, more ladies entered the work power, subsequently expanding the expense of bearing kids. Not at all like in the eighteenth and mid nineteenth century, ladies delayed parenthood in the compatibility of instruction and business openings (Bradbury, 211). The 21st century has seen an expansion in this pattern with the guardians devoting less time and vitality towards their kids. Mixed families, which were uncommon in the eighteenth century, have impressively expanded with numerous couples having youngsters from past connections. About 10 percent of Canadian kids live in mixed families, which include youngsters from the current relationship and those from the wifeââ¬â¢s past relationships.Advertising Searching for article on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Such family set ups experience various intricacies with the kids thinking that its hard to coexist with their stepparents and kin dissimilar to in the customary family set up. It is anticipated that by around the mid 21st century the quantity of individuals living in precedent-based law connections will be as much as that of the individuals in legitimate relationships. This standard is getting increasingly worthy among both the youthful and the old. Works Cited Bradbury, B. ââ¬Å"Single Parenthood in the Past.â⬠heldref-publications.metapress.com. N.p., 2000. Web. McLanahan, S. ââ¬Å"How Children Are Faring Under The Second Demographic Transition.â⬠Jstor. N.p., 2004. Web. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1515222?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. Milan , Anne. ââ¬Å"by Anne Milan â⬠Statistics Canada.â⬠Statistics Canada. N.p., 2000. Web. https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/start. This paper on The Cultural Heritage of Canada was composed and put together by client Gemma Pacheco to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. 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Tuesday, May 26, 2020
The Effects Of Storytelling On Early Childhood Development
The Effects of Storytelling on Early Childhood Development Jennifer Lisset Pacheco California State University, Fullerton The Effects of Storytelling on Early Childhood Development Young children are like sponges; they absorb information like a sponge absorbs water. It is essential for them to be emerged in an environment in which they can absorb positive information so that one day they can become contributing members of our society and have a better future. For this reason, there is a pronounced importance on providing enriching environments for children to learn and develop appropriately. One of the ways that this can be achieved is through a literacy rich environment specifically with the use of story reading and storytelling.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦(Hayes Casey, 2002) This is because when children are interacting, the learning process is more enjoyable. The fact that the children were engaging in a shared experience made it easier for them to create longer narratives because they were having fun. In addition, Wright, Diener, and Kemp (2013) studied the link between storytelling dramas and the sense of community in the early childhood classroom. Specifically, they found that storytelling dramas creates a sense of community which encourages social interaction for children who had existing social issues (Wright, Diener, Kemp, 2013). Preschoolerââ¬â¢s with existing social issues have a hard time entering play and engaging with others because they are still learning how to do so. For this reason, creating a sense of community in the classroom through storytelling establishes a feeling of belonging for children who have less social skills. Children are more likely to engage in these shared activities if they feel comfortable and valued in the environment they are doing so (Wright et al., 2013). Similarly, storytelling encourages children to have respect for each other by being an active member of the storytelling process. During storytelling, children take turns and collaborate with each other (Kim, 1999). This reciprocal back and forth interaction creates a sense of unity and allows children to identify that their ideas are valued byShow MoreRelatedThe Oral Skills Of Little Children Essay970 Words à |à 4 Pages Reading stories and storytelling have been hypothesized to affect the oral skills of little children. It was claimed that children who were told stories would use more formal language than the those who do not. We are three first and second grade teachers, we were wondering how we could use this idea in our classrooms to measure how storytelling and story reading influence the language development. We wanted to see if adding oral storytelling or reading would help our students in their oral languageRead MoreThe Benefits Of Early Childhood Education1015 Words à |à 5 PagesAn early childhood education student planing on becoming a teacher needs to know certain things about children before stepping into a classroom. They must look at their own personality and how they handle stress. An upcoming t eacher must have a mindful awareness, focused attention, and self authority. Mindful awareness skills in stress can be mixed in with your relationships with your peers and social skills. If a teacher is not well balance when it comes to stressful situations they wouldnââ¬â¢t beRead MoreThe Effects Of Computers On Children s Early Childhood Education Essay1737 Words à |à 7 Pagesespecially, are needed in most Americanââ¬â¢s everyday lives. So why would early childhood education be any different? From the beginning stages, there has always been a debate of whether computers have a positive or negative impact on children, young children especially. As computers have intergraded themselves into many childrenââ¬â¢s lives and their education, the debate is even more prominent. Supporters of computer use in early childhood education believe that with proper monitoring and the right softwareRead MoreHow Can Storytelling Improve Communication Skills in a 4 Yr Old5438 Words à |à 22 PagesCHAPTER ONE Introduction This research was carried out in an Early Childhood Care and Education Centre located in an urban community. It is based on a four year old child whose name is Sarah Lall (not real name). She is very loving and helpful but interaction with her peers is limited since she does not speak in clear sentences. Her words do not take the form of complete sentences and sometimes puzzles the teachers and her peers as to what she is trying to say. Based on face to face interviewsRead MoreChildren s Literacy Development For Children1369 Words à |à 6 Pageshouseholds) play a crucial role in the development of their childrenââ¬â¢s literacy skills. Specifically the article sheds light on the importance of shared reading between parents and children. The article also discusses different techniques or strategies that can be used during said shared reading, in order to ensure proper literacy training. b) It fits in perfectly. The article proves how the family/home plays an important role in successful literacy development for children. Also, shows the readerRead MoreHow Storytelling Has A Positive Impact On Children2386 Words à |à 10 Pages Abstract Many researchers believe that storytelling has a positive impact on children in terms of their oral language development and fluency. According to (Genishi Dyson, 2015) story telling engages both sides of the childââ¬â¢s brain thereby allowing them to create a context where certain words be placed during conversation or any form of communication. Stories make children imagine therefore creating motion pictures in their brains and as such the children can copy and say theRead MoreEarly Literacy : The Foundation Of Learning1316 Words à |à 6 PagesEarly Literacy: the Foundation of Learning. Are you a strong reader? Do you enjoy reading? If you answered yes to either of these questions then chances are you were read to as an infant and/or toddler. Therefore, you began the work on your literacy skills early on. In this paper we will dive deep into the world of early literacy by discussing what it is exactly and when it begins to develop. We will also talk about some recommendations for parents as well as teachers on how to create a literacyRead MoreChildren and Traumatic Grief1272 Words à |à 5 Pagesdeath. They believed, despite the increasing understanding with age of the physical aspects of death, a child may simultaneously hold more than one idea about the characteristics of death. However, factors that complete the determining nature of childhood grieving across different age groups may be a difficult task for a number of reasons including their environment in means of the support they have available, the childââ¬â¢s nature in terms of their personality, genetic s, and gender, coping skills andRead MoreTeaching Young Children Self Regulation Through Children s Books By Patricia Cooper Essay1299 Words à |à 6 Pagespsychosocial development. The article argues that teachers need to understand how certain pieces of literature affects a childââ¬â¢s psychosocial development and how teachers should go about choosing books that most positively affect psychosocial development. According to Cooper (2007), the article uses a combination of Deweyââ¬â¢s impetus for learning and Vygotskyââ¬â¢s theory that learning precedes development through scaï ¬â¬olded social interaction, Eriksonââ¬â¢s theory of psychosocial development, and Rosenblattââ¬â¢sRead MoreIs Creativity in Language Innate or Acquired? Essay1306 Words à |à 6 Pagesmeanings in a variety of creative ways and in a wide range of social contexts. Childrenââ¬â¢s creative play with language is a social practice and a rehearsal of adult life. Folklorists have been intereste d in childrenââ¬â¢s lore and they associated with childhood the playground rhymes and games. Moreover, they have celebrated childrenââ¬â¢s artful language play as a quintessential tradition. Childââ¬â¢s first years are more relevant and primary because they have the chance to save information and learn more than
Friday, May 15, 2020
Feminism A Feminist Theory - 1301 Words
WGS 3600: Feminist Theory Frankie Snyder and Jax McMillian Due: 12/10/2015 Feminism is gender liberation Feminism needs to be more broadly defined in terms of gender liberation to encompass individuals from all walks of genders (or nongenders). Separating gender nonconforming issues from feminism is erasive; marginalized gender nonconforming individuals should not be told to fend for themselves and their own rights due to a multitude of oppressions experienced by these individuals (based on the prejudicial gender assumptions the patriarchy puts on them). In all, feminism should encompass gender nonconforming rights because to do otherwise would be to align with the patriarchal system in which feminists are fighting against; including gender nonconforming issues in the sphere of feminism will help strengthen the discourse of general gender equality as has been argued for centuries. Definitionally, much like feminism, nonbinary and gender-nonconforming can often be ambiguous and varied from person to person. For the sake of this paper the reference to nonbinary individuals is a reference to anyone who at any point has identified outside of the gender binary at least some of the time. This encompasses a broad range of identities including genderqueer, agender, demigender, genderfluid, and an accepted lack of identification in the gender realm altogether. Further, gender-nonconforming will be defined as the expression/behavior that doesnââ¬â¢t match masculine and feminine genderShow MoreRelatedFeminist Theory Of Feminism1245 Words à |à 5 Pagesinvited to feel welcome to participate in the conversation ( Watson, 2014). In the feminist perspective, which is an extension of feminism, there is support of equality for both women and men. Feminism is a belief that women and men have equal rights and opportunities. There are many different branches in the feminist perspective, one of the most interesting one is intersectional feminism. Intersectional feminism believes that experiences of class, gender, and race can not be adequately understoodRead MoreFeminist Theory Of Feminism1121 Words à |à 5 PagesAccording to Websterââ¬â¢s dictionary, feminism is defined as the theory of political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. In todayââ¬â¢s modern world, no matter which end of the political spectrum a person is on, the term can invoke strong feelings - some of which have created a sense of shame or harm associated with the concept. These associations of wrongdoing and radicalism with the theory of feminism and its subsequent movement have existed long before the era of social media activism and selfies;Read MoreFeminist Theory Of Feminism1766 Words à |à 8 Pages Feminism is a fight against oppression, but white supremacy exists within feminist movements, which is an obvious contradiction of the theory. ââ¬Å"The feminist movement has centered on the experiences of White women and dismissed the experiences of Women of Colorâ⬠(Feenstra, 2017, p. 67). In an article titled, From White Feminism to Intersectional Advocacy: The Development of a White Antiracist Identity, Abby Elizabeth Feenstra, a feminist illuminates her journey to becoming conscious of her whiteRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Theory Essay2030 Words à |à 9 PagesThe feminist theory takes the motion of the feminist equal rights movement and transforms it into a theoretical study. This rather new approach explores the status of females and equality activists as well as their role in society relating to others. The feminist theory explains what is relevant to women and the women s movement as well as how definitions are changing over time, whether they are sociological, philosophical, or psychological (Grosz, 2010). As the gender gap closes in our societyRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Theory1942 Words à |à 8 Pages2015 Feminist Theory Research Paper Though feminism and the feminist theory are often construed as the same philosophy, the two are related, yet different concepts. Feminism is defined as, ââ¬Å"the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexesâ⬠(Merriam Webster Dictionary). In turn, a feminist is an individual who believes that men and women should be equal politically, economically, culturally, and socially (Definitions of Branches of Feminist). However, the feminist theory isRead MoreFeminist Theory Of Feminism1697 Words à |à 7 Pagesno longer a surprise that gender equality continues to be a problem in our society. Although all feminists agree that it is a prominent issue, they have different ways of combating it. Some feminists agree with having a sex/gender distinction, which uses ââ¬Å"sexâ⬠as the term to describe biological features and ââ¬Å"genderâ⬠as the term to describe the social standings. Due to his distinction, many feminists believe that the social implica tions, or gender, needs to be changed to achieve equality. Two approachesRead MoreFeminism And The Postmodern Feminist Theory1596 Words à |à 7 PagesThe evolution of feminist theory from a modern to a postmodern viewpoint stands to correct the injustices of historically liberal feminism. For some time, grand narratives have governed the ideas of self and gender from a single experience of ââ¬Å"manâ⬠. Traditionally, modern feminism aimed to eradicate the hegemonic theory of inferiority by women to the male gender. Postmodern feminism aspires to eliminate categories of gender altogether, for the social construct of gender is considered to disregardRead MoreFeminist Theory : The Beginnings Of Feminism1571 Words à |à 7 Pages The Beginnings of Feminism ââ¬Å"Feminist theory is an attempt to bring in views from the movement and other female experiences along with research and data information to create new ways to putting an end to female oppression (Kolmar and Bartkowski 12).â⬠Women of all time periods use feminist theory to collaborate together on their real life experiences to come up with ways to make women apart of everyday life. Throughout the different time periods, women have gained more and more power into societyRead MoreEssay on Feminism and Modern Feminist Theory1068 Words à |à 5 Pages Feminism is a body of social theory and political movement primarily based on and motivated by the experiences of women. While generally providing a critique of social relations, many proponents of feminism also focus on analyzing gender inequality and the promotion of womens rights, interests, and issues. Feminist theory aims to understand the nature of gender inequality and focuses on gender politics, power relations and sexuality. Feminist political activism campaigns on issues such asRead MoreEssay Feminism and feminist social theory 1100 Words à |à 5 PagesFeminism and feminist social theory unlike other theoretical perspectives is woman-centered and inter-disciplinary, hence promotes methods of achieving social justice. The feminism and feminist social theory takes into consideration three questions, what of the women? Why is the present social world as it is today? Additionally, how can the social world be changed to make it more just for the women and all people alike? In recent developments, feminist theorists have begun questioning the differences
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Direct Compensation vs. Benefits - 3008 Words
1. Introduction System of rewards is one of the key aspects in managing human resources within any organization. It has profound impact on attracting, retaining and motivation of employees and as a result on the overall performance of an organization. There is no doubt that employee compensation, which according to Dessler refers to all forms of pay or rewards going to employees, is the crucial factor in employee motivation. There are different two types of compensation: direct and indirect compensation. Direct compensation refers to monetary benefits offered and provided to employees in return for doing their job. The most common forms of direct compensation are wages, salaries, incentives, commissions and bonuses. Indirect compensationâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The most notably advocate was Henry Ford who used these methods to design the first ever production line, making Ford cars. [http://www.hsfg.gloucs.sch.uk/Intranets/Business%20Studies/Motivation%20Theory.pdf] Although Taylors methods produced higher productivity, they also led to workersââ¬â¢ unrest and dissatisfaction, as they were only given boring, repetitive tasks and felt been turned into human machines. The main criticism of Taylorââ¬â¢s theory is related to the belief that workers are rational in their economic choices and are satisfied by only money itself. Later Taylorââ¬â¢s Theory of Scientific Management was opposed by content theories of motivation. Content theories focus on internal factors that direct behaviour of an individual. Such theories regard motivation as ââ¬Å" the product of internal drivers that compel an individual to act or move towards the satisfaction of individual needsâ⬠. [Human Resource management A contemporary approach] The major content theory of motivation is Maslowââ¬â¢s hierarchy of needs. 2.2 Hierarchy of Needs Theory The hierarchy of needs theory was developed by american psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1940s. This theory focuses on the psychological needs of employees. The basis of Maslowââ¬â¢sShow MoreRelatedBenefits And Benefits Of Employee Compensation1395 Words à |à 6 PagesEmployee compensation is all forms of pay and rewards which are received by employees for completing their job duties as outlined by their employer. Compensation is classified two ways, direct and indirect compensation. Direct compensation covers wages and salaries, bonuses, commissions and incentives. With indirect compensation, benefits are supplied by employers, and nonfinancial compensation includes recognition, rewarding jobs, and flexible work hours in order to accommodate each personââ¬â¢s ownRead MoreBackground of Human Resource Management1652 Words à |à 7 Pagesworking there, who individually and collectively contribute to the achievements of the objectives of the business. â â" HRM is the organizational function that deals with issues related to people such as compensation,à performance management, organization development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training. â â" HRM is also a strategic and comprehensive approach to managing people and the workplaceà cultureà and environment.à Read MoreThe Case Of Mandatory Vaccination922 Words à |à 4 Pagesââ¬Å"other regarding.â⬠This translates as no one can or should want to harm their neighbor; therefore, society can willingly accept vaccination to protect others (Colgrove 2006, 4). Opponents argue that ââ¬Å"harm principleâ⬠is not applicable because the only direct consequence is the side effects and harm a person receives from the vaccination (Colgrove 2006, 4), not the indirect effects such as a susceptible person obtaining the disease from lack of herd immunity. In response, I would argue, it is impossibleRead MoreEmployee Performance Management At International Operations1621 Words à |à 7 Pagescompetitive and international environment is nowadays more important than ever to maximize employee performance. In this report we are going to see how we can improve the employeeââ¬â¢s contribution to company goals with special emphasis on the possible benefits and drawbacks of having a uniform syste m of performance management across international operations. Performance management Create value in a way that is difficult to imitate is the only way to create sustained competitive advantage according toRead MoreCopyright Laws Should Be Abolished Essay1302 Words à |à 6 Pagesthey are economically unsound. If a person obtains information, his or her decision-making capability is likely to improve, thus benefiting both the person and other people. Using information does not hurt its original discoverers since the only direct impact is on the user and the decisions made. Thus, obtaining and using information is generally beneficial regardless of whether it violates copyright laws. By infringing on peoples rights to obtain, use, and give information, copyright lawsRead MoreBusiness Research Methodology - How to Write Research Purpose, Objectives and Summary1536 Words à |à 7 PagesSo from HR planning, recruitment and selection to training, performance appraisal, compensation, all practices of HRM are now considered as equally important as any other aspects of the organization such as marketing, financing, etc. 2. HRM is the organizational function that deals with issues related to people such as compensation, hiring, performance management, organization development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training (Heathfield, 2006)Read MoreHuman Resource Management: Performance Management Objectives Based on Reward1247 Words à |à 5 Pagesdevelopment. 5. Document performance for personnel records. 6. Clarify what the organization expects Reward management system One of important attributes of work organization is the ability to give reward to their members. Pay, promotions, fringe benefits, and status symbols are perhaps the most important rewards. Because these rewards are important, the ways they are distributed have a profound effect on the quality of work life as well as on the effectiveness of organization. Therefore reward managementRead MoreMcdonalds 10-K Sec Report2194 Words à |à 9 PagesMcDonaldââ¬â¢s 10-K SEC Report Intermediate Accounting III TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 2 Deferred Taxes 2-4 Permanent and Temporary Differences 4 Tax Provisions 5-6 Defined Benefit and Contribution Plans 6-7 Earnings Per Share 7-8 Share Based Compensation 8 Direct vs Indirect 8-9 Investing and Financing Activities 9 Noncash Transactions 9 Conclusion 9 Works Cited 10 Introduction In this report I will be reviewing McDonaldââ¬â¢s 10-K SEC Filing for the year ending in December 31Read MoreHistorical Development Of Personnel And Human Resource Management1107 Words à |à 5 Pagesemployee relations, compensation and benefits, safety, training and development and finally compliance (Mayhew, 2014). An efficiently run human resource management department can present your company with structure and the ability to meet business aims. HOW HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT DIFFERS TO PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT There is much confusion over human resource management and the difference it has to personnel management. ââ¬Å"The major difference between personnel management vs. human resource managementRead More The FLSA: Exempt Vs. Non-exempt Employees Essay903 Words à |à 4 PagesThe FLSA: Exempt Vs. Non-exempt Employees President Franklin D. Roosevelt enacted the FLSA on June 25, 1938. It was signed in as a federal labor law to provide criteria for governing general labor practices such as overtime, minimum wages, child labor protections and equal pay. The Fair Labor Standards Act is a long and extensive document in and of itself. It defines many exceptions and exemptions. For purposes of this paper the portion of the FLSA that will be concentrated on is the difference
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Management and Organisation Social Science Humanity
Question: Discuss about the Management and Organisation for Social Science Humanity. Answer: Introduction: The conformity experiment of Solomon Asch is representing a number of key ideas about group arrangements. For example, the dependable variable in this video is the amount of group pressure. The size of the group is also necessary to consider for determining the conformity. This group even includes one fake participant who gives the answer at the last. This experimental group is varied in size and the responses of the confederates (Rowe 2013). The trials were ensuring the correct answers of the line tests. However, it is noted that the entire research design was set in a structured way. It was completely controlled by the way of the researcher. In fact, the research is also highlighting that the researcher could influence the independent variables for creating a clear observation on the dependable variable (Toelch and Dolan 2015). The obtained idea from this experiment is clarifying the idea of the individual decision making process. In some of the cases, people are much manipulated by the outer world. McCulloh (2013) pointed out that in a group experimental process; people usually select the answer given by the majority number of the participants. However, it is needed to judge with the personal conscience at the first place. While making any personal decision, it is not necessary to reflect an objective process. Conformity is usually suggesting the personal stand point, which is surrounding an individual (Jeon 2014). The analysis of the test is representing the judgments made by participants. Such judgements are recognised to be influenced by the perception of the other participants. Hence, it is suggested that the individual needs to use the self conscience to judge any particular view. Recognition of the proper conscience is essential. While making the rational decision, the self-conscience and self-judgme nt are necessary. The recognisable limitation in this study is the utilisation of the biased samples. The participants belonged to the same age group and same gender. The obligation in the population validity is prominent. On the other hand, the artificial task is measured to define the conformity. However, some of the critics even perceived that this high level of conformity is quite similar to the conservative culture of America in 1950. The decisions were influenced by the orthodox people and it was surrounded with the sympathetic left-wing view. It is noted that in order to complete the investigation, the situational factors have been playing the most significant role. The selected group size is indicating that more people are conformed, but the level is set to a certain point. The mismatches in the group size is somewhat made the test much limited. The normative influence is prominently shown and it seems to have the major influence. Therefore, there is no such rejection of the people from the gr oup. At last, it can be stated that the influence of the group decision is creating the impact on the human conscience. Due to such influence, the personal decision is somewhat being judgemental for the individuals. Linear Programming Word Problem Decision making is an integral part of the structured planning. Linear programming is a mathematical tool that is used for understanding the process of rational decision making. It is noted that during the decision making process, one common technique is used for presenting the desired benefits (Vanderbei 2015). This benefits are somewhat explained through the functionalities used in mathematics. The functionalities include several variables, which set values for the decision making process. It helps in maximising the benefits. However, it can be interpreted that the linear programming is considered as one of the influencing factors for the rational decision making process. The video is providing the insight of the benefits that create the significant influence on the independent variables. It is noted that the linear programming is one of the conventional theories that helps in understanding the significant way to increase benefits. However, there are some of the limitations associated with the process of establishing the linear programming concept. These limitations are as follows: It is quite difficult to provide the objective specifications in a mathematical form. After specifying the objective functions, it becomes troublesome to determine the financial, social, institutional, and other constraints (Higle and Sen 2013). It is noted that the objective function is somewhat different to the linear in terms of equality equations. In order to understand the value of constraints co-efficiency, the involvement of the different mathematical equation is the major obstacle. The assumptions are indicating that factory proportion usually remain constant. However, the products and costs, linking between output and input, and total revenue are linear. Hence, the assumptions are unrealistic (Resnick 2013). The complex techniques used in the linear programming sometimes making the equation more complicated. During the decision making process the formulation of the model is essential, as it includes the essence of the underlying problems. The process of converting the numerical data and verbal description into the mathematical assumptions is providing the intact idea about the relevant decision. Linear programming is one of the most significant techniques, which are mainly used when the resources are limited (Ostrowski, Anjos and Vannelli 2012). The linear programming is much helpful in time of scarcity of resources. When the resource is limited, it becomes much difficult to structure the plan related to the labour cost, transport expenses, pollution control, and so on. Amidst of the diversified applicants, the I.P models require several common assumptions and properties. It is true that the linear programming includes several unrealistic assumptions. However, before undertaking any relevant decision, it is important to make a list of all such assumptions and the properties to formulate the equation. Especially, the small sized enterprises deal with a limited number of resources. At the initial stage, a structured planning is essential. However, the linear programming is thus quite helpful in structuring the ides and allocating the resources by maintaining proper proportion. References Higle, J.L. and Sen, S., 2013.Stochastic decomposition: a statistical method for large scale stochastic linear programming(Vol. 8). Springer Science Business Media. Jeon, H.J., 2014. The Environmental Factor within Solomon Asch Line Test.International Journal of Social Science and Humanity,4(4), p.264. McCulloh, I., 2013. Social Conformity in Networks.Official Journal of the International Network for Social Network Analysts. Ostrowski, J., Anjos, M.F. and Vannelli, A., 2012. Tight mixed integer linear programming formulations for the unit commitment problem.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1(27), pp.39-46. Resnick, S.I., 2013.Extreme values, regular variation and point processes. Springer. Rowe, M., 2013. Thinking about behaviour and conformity in groups: some social psychology resources.Teaching Public Administration,.p.15-26 Toelch, U. and Dolan, R.J., 2015. Informational and Normative Influences in Conformity from a Neurocomputational Perspective.Trends in cognitive sciences,19(10), pp.579-589. Vanderbei, R.J., 2015.Linear programming. Springer.
Monday, April 13, 2020
The Content and Influencer Marketing Overlap How to Use Both Together and to Your Advantage
The Content and Influencer Marketing Overlap: How to Use Both Together and to Your Advantage Having an influencer marketing strategy and a content marketing plan are not opposites, yet the two options are often pitted against one another. This conflict truly boils down to resource allocation. Most businesses have a finite amount of money to spend on marketing campaigns. For every dollar you spend on content marketing, you have to take one away from influencer marketing and vice versa. CortezTextbroker Marketing and CommunicationsWhile there are many different marketing strategies that can be effective, two of the most compelling are content marketing and influencer marketing. Ideally, both strategies can work together, complement one another and contribute to a comprehensive marketing approach. Unfortunately, the two strategies are often considered opposing tactics. The best results appear when marketers are able to utilize elements of both strategies and combine the best of content marketing and influencer marketing in their campaigns. The Benefits of Combining Content Mar keting and Influencer Strategies Whether you run your own business, youre a marketing professional or youre a social media manager, youll be familiar with a wide range of marketing strategies. Its no secret that content marketing is king, and using content is one of the most effective ways to increase an audience organically. At the same time, influencer marketing is rapidly picking up steam as a means of connecting with an audience via an influencer that audience already knows and trusts.Choosing one strategy doesnt mean that you have to abandon the other. In fact, youll likely receive the best results by combining the two. Content marketing and influencer marketing can achieve many of the same goals, and they even overlap in several key ways. What Are the Benefits of Content Marketing? Content marketing is a type of inbound marketing. Essentially, it moves away from the traditional forms of in-your-face advertising and seeks to inform and add value to the lives of users naturally. By creating and distributing more content, youll be able to appear as a leader within your industry. You can also be more active on social media because you always have something to share and something to contribute to the conversation.Content marketing is beneficial because it increases your web traffic as well. While you might have some direct traffic online, content marketing can bring in a new audience of users who are searching for related information. After typing what trees to plant in South Carolina?, a user might find your content and click on it. If you have a greenhouse and nursery in Columbia, South Carolina, then youve just established a great connection with a potential client. With this approach, interested users find you, rather than the other way around. What Are the Benefits of Influencer Marketing? Another common marketing strategy is known as influencer marketing. This approach uses influencers, or leaders within certain niche areas, to promote a brand, product or idea. On a macro scale, celebrities like Kylie Jenner and makeup artist Huda Kattan make hundreds of thousands of dollars in a single Instagram post. However, not all influencers are paid so much, and many have significantly smaller audiences.The benefits of influencer marketing include having a non-business voice to speak about your brand. If there is an influencer in your city who is active on social media, they could promote your brand to a local audience. Often, influencers have a much larger audience on social media than your business brand, so you can increase brand awareness with a single post. If you choose an influencer who is trusted by your desired audience, it can also encourage more sales, conversions or follows for you in the future. The Conflict Between Content Marketing and Influencer Strategies Having an influencer marketing strategy and a content marketing plan are not opposites, yet the two options are often pitted against one another. This conflict truly boils down to resource allocation. Most businesses have a finite amount of money to spend on marketing campaigns. For every dollar you spend on content marketing, you have to take one away from influencer marketing and vice versa.It is important to note that you dont have to allocate your budget to one approach or the other. You can divide your resources as they are needed in order to create a strategy that includes both influencer marketing and content marketing. The two strategies are not conflicting, and there is no reason why any business should be forced to choose between the two. Is One Approach Truly Better Than the Other? In a word, no. It would be a mistake to say categorically that one strategy is always better than the other. However, in some cases one strategy could definitely be preferable. For example, a B2B corporation will probably benefit from content marketing more than influencer marketing. On the other hand, a youthful clothing brand might see greater results from in fluencer marketing.In the vast majority of cases, however, a combination of strategies will work best. An influencer can amplify your content, but your content showcases that youre a reputable, proven brand. When both strategies are employed, your business will have a stronger strategy. Exploring the Overlap Between Content Marketing and Influencer Marketing So far, content marketing and influencer marketing have been classified as two different strategies. In reality, there is a lot more overlap than most businesses expect. To start, both strategies will rely on content. Even with an influencer marketing strategy, your chosen influencer wont necessarily have total control over the message. You can contribute ideas or include keywords and phrases that represent the voice and feel of your brand. An influencer might recommend existing content or be inspired by it when sharing your message.Both strategies can also give you a boost on social media platforms. Sharing your existing conten t boosts views and clicks, but so can links from influencers. Similarly, both strategies require you to refine your brand image. If you are a tractor manufacturer, you need to create content that meets that image and find influencers that are seen by your desired audience. This is largely introspective, but it can be incredibly helpful as brands develop their voice through increased marketing. Developing Your Own Influencer and Content Marketing Strategy Once youve decided to embrace both an influencer and a content marketing strategy, it is time to get started and explore the details. Typically, it is recommended that businesses create stand-alone strategies and then combine them cohesively into one overarching marketing approach. Creating a Content Marketing Strategy The first step in the process of creating a strategy for content marketing is defining your goals. Once you have defined your goals, you can begin to put together a calendar featuring the types of content that will ma ke the biggest impact with your audience.Often, business owners say they dont know what kind of content their audiences want to see. If thats the case for you, then take a look at your inbox. What are potential customers asking questions about? What are their biggest pain points? What is the most common reason for a customer to be unhappy with your product or service? All of these common questions can spark content ideas. At the same time, look at the content of your closest competitors. You may be able to identify what is working for them as well as what mistakes you might want to avoid for your own content marketing plan.Finally, you can decide who will create your content, how frequently you will create content and how you will distribute content. You may opt to write three blog posts a week, and you could then share those blog posts on Facebook as well as through an email marketing campaign. Creating an Influencer Marketing Strategy Next, youll want to create an influencer strat egy. Although it might feel intuitive to start by looking for influencers, a better plan is to outline your goals. Some possible goals for your influencer strategy might include the following:â⬠¢ Increased followers on Facebook or Instagram â⬠¢ Greater brand recognition â⬠¢ Link building back to your primary website â⬠¢ Increased traffic to a specific page or blog post â⬠¢ Potential leads and increased salesOnce you have defined your goals, you can start to explore the various influencers that could be a good fit for your strategy. Your budget will play a big role in this decision. Some influencers are paid large sums of cash in exchange for a sponsored post, a shout out or an endorsement. However, you can also pay smaller influencers with free products. You can also offer affiliate codes so that when every one of their audience members makes a purchase, the influencer earns a small profit. This creates an incentive for them to promote your brand further. You wil l also need to determine whether your influencer will have creative control over the message or whether you need the final say. Developing a Combined and Cohesive Marketing Strategy The key word to remember when combining your influencer and content marketing strategies is amplification. The ideal influencer strategy will amplify your content strategy, and your content strategy will amplify your influencer strategy. To capitalize on brand recognition and increased traffic thanks to an influencer, for example, make sure youre staying active on social media. Youll probably see increased engagement during an influencer campaign.At the same time, make sure your website is functioning well and that you have your content plan up and running. Ensure that new visitors and subscribers have easy access to updated, relevant and timely content.You can also have your content refer back to an influencer. Dont be afraid to mention your influencer in your content or share their videos, posts and ph otos. This is yet another way to capitalize on the relationship you have with the influencer, and it lends credibility to your brand for new users who are very familiar with the influencer but not your company.There is significant overlap between an influencer marketing strategy and a strategy for content marketing. Businesses need not choose one over the other. In fact, the best and most comprehensive approach usually involves elements of both strategies. Content can amplify influencer campaigns, and a relationship with an influencer can boost your content. The two approaches dont conflict with one another, and they can enhance your marketing strategy in a number of beneficial ways.
Wednesday, March 11, 2020
The Time Machine Essays
The Time Machine Essays The Time Machine Paper The Time Machine Paper Essay Topic: The Time Machine The pen is mightier than the sword; an expression that summarises the central theme of both my choices for the wider reading assignment. George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) and Herbert George Wells both apply an ingenious and extremely effective technique in their finest novels, Nineteen Eighty-Four and The Time Machine. Their tool is not blindingly obvious, but rather like a Trojan horse, implanting itself in the readers mind whilst he or she is indulging in the storyline. Their tool, a concealed propaganda in a way, is the use of satire.Satire is the use of ridicule, irony, humour or other such methods to mock any given subject. Satire is widely recognised as a deadly weapon in media, and is a genre for moving picture and written text. I class Nineteen Eighty-Four and The Time Machine as political satires as they confront certain political ideologies. The latter also falls under science fiction as it plots a scientists adventures as he travels into the distant future in his time machine. In fact, Nineteen Eighty-Four is also set in a future time (relative to the time of writing), but it does not involve any time travelling or regard other such scientific theme.Both serve as prophecies of what society may come to if current political practices are continued. I feel that this is very obvious in both books. In The Time Machine, the main character actually proclaims after telling his story, No. I cannot expect you to believe it. Take is as a lie or a prophecy. Nineteen Eighty-Four, describes a horrendous world, where freedom is a word associated only with animals. It also describes the politics in this world, and after a while it is obvious that Orwell is criticising certain political principles.Although today they may come across as incredible exaggerations, at the time of writing they were very much plausible to the typical reader, as I will explain. H. G. Wells pursues a time travelling scientist into the year 802,701, where corrupt, unbalanced society results with the human race splitting into two different species. Although both have evolved into creatures very different from todays human, one race, the Eloi, seems to be more similar to homo sapiens that the other; it exists on the surface of the earth and has a similar physical appearance.The other, the Morlocks, has formed its habitat under the ground, and has developed hairier bodies, and eyes that are complimentary to its dark environment. The Morlocks survive by farming the Eloi. The initial horror of this state that mankind has reached is simply the fact that the Eloi have, in a way, devolved. They have a basic language, express no emotion or attachment to each other and show a child-like sense of interest; they are amused easily for a few minutes, after which they move on. And yet they live a fantastical life, always happy and content.This, as I said, is only the initial horror. Wells then introduces the Morlocks; the descendants of working class communities. These hideous animals farm the Eloi, providing them with clothing and other such materials in order to produce healthy crops. They emerge in the dark to prey on isolated Eloi. The Time Machine was first published in 1895. The young mastermind Albert Einstein was introducing new theories into physical science, concerning time and time travel. British society was still in the stages where the poor were very poor and the rich were very rich.These are the two main reasons that The Time Machine would not have come across as completely bogus at the time of writing. Wells describes a horrific situation; something that many target readers will be sensitive to. This is a technique that Orwell also employs. As the title suggests, Nineteen Eighty-Four portrays Britain in the year 1984. Although Orwell may have been exaggerating in this portrayal, this novel was first published at a time when Orwells suggestions came across as credible possibilities similar to The Time Machine. The novel follows the life of a certain Winston Smith in this future Britain, under the government, called The Party of Oceania. This government practices what it called English Socialism. It criticises capitalism, and emphasises how life has improved dramatically since the eradication of capitalism and the introduction of English Socialism. However, Orwell gradually reveals a totalitarian society. Ironically, capitalism is very evident in this society. Winstons, and every other party members, days are monotonous endurances.They live in a world where totalitarianism has overcome their lives. In fact, totalitarian ways mean that people cannot know whether totalitarianism has overcome the world, the nation or merely their own community. Winston Smith is a representation of the many civilians who have become rebels in their mind but are too frightened to let their rebelliousness be outwardly expressed. The government monitors every move Winston makes, via a technology called the telescreen. Every word he utters is recorded. All interactions with other people are analysed.Society has reached a stage where sleep is a threat to oneself, for the reason that the telescreen may pick up words of rebel that escape ones mouth during a dream. The social order is hierarchically arranged. The lowest and most numerous class is the prole. I put lowest in speech marks because they actually are not treated as the lowest form; they are given more freedom than party members. These come next. Normal party members, like Winston, are employed by the party to work in one of four ministries. Here they carry out various tasks to ensure that the party runs smoothly.Winston works in the ministry of truth, where day after day, he rewrites newspaper, magazine and other such articles as the party sees fit. For example, if a previous article states that Oceania is at war with Eurasia, but the party is now at war Eastasia, all copies of that article must be tracked down and rewritten to agree with the current situation. In reality, Oceania may not be at war at all, but in order to unite all citizens and in an effort to take over their minds and control their thinking, Oceania is at war with Eastasia and Oceania has always been at war with Eastasia.Above the ordinary party members is th e Inner Party. Such members are privileged; they live luxurious lives, in large houses with servants. They make the decisions that other civilians have to follow. Finally, at the apex of the hierarchy, stands Big Brother. All decisions pass through Big Brother before they are finalised. The character, though, is very vague. He appears only on large posters with the caption Big Brother Is Watching You, and the word Ingsoc, an abbreviation for English Socialism and on the propaganda transmitted through telescreens.The people are taught to love Big Brother, and obey his every command without hesitation. And that is what people do. The description of Big Brother, not coincidentally, fits that of Stalin. Similarly to The Time Machine, Nineteen Eighty-Four suggests that if current ways are continued, human intelligence will generally decline. In Nineteen Eighty-Four, Orwell makes it clear that civilians are unintelligent by giving examples of characters that ignore the obvious truth and continue their lives as if nothing if wrong with the world. Orwell then demonstrates that these people have no choice.Winston and his lover Julia, whom he discovered was also rebellious at mind, are found out whilst attempting to assimilate with the proles. They are taken to the Ministry of Love, where, to the readers horror, their way of thinking is altered so that they conform to the party and learn to truly love Big Brother. A world where the government has so much power, that it can control peoples thoughts and wishes, may seem bizarre to present day readers, but it was not so to the Britain of 1949. At the time, totalitarian tyrannies were in the recent past or in current practice, i. e.the Nazis and The Soviet Union under Stalin. Britain was still recovering from the devastation that the war with the Nazis had brought and people were still very traumatic and sensitive with the subject. Orwell would not have to think twice about whether this novel would might received as an ex aggeration. The Time Machine is written from a first person point-of-view. This allows the story to be more dramatic, as the characters feelings and thoughts can be shared with the reader. It also makes it easier for the reader to imagine the situation, as they can imagine themselves in the place of the main character.Nineteen Eighty-Four is written from a third person point-of-view, but orients around Wilson. Often, Orwell goes into the mind of Winston and writes in the first person. This allows Orwell to express Winstons thoughts, but also write about certain aspects without bias. Both novels use vivid descriptions of horrific situations as their element of satire. By depicting a hell-world, and suggesting that the existent of these hell-worlds was brought around because of corrupt political practices, the authors are ridiculing their target political practices.Both authors begin with mildly shocking descriptions and then, develop the scenario by introducing increasingly shocking descriptions. The more they can shock the reader, the more effective theyre text will be. The Time Machine begins with The Time Traveller very eager to travel forward in time. He arrives in a harmonic, serene world, as if it had been taken out of a dream, at a time which he first refers to as The Golden Age. However, this is only the cover. The Time Travel then discovers some of the inhabitants of this future world, the Eloi, who, as I have explained, are devolved humans, with child-like tendencies.One of these Eloi creatures, through gesturing asked [the Time Traveller] if [he] had come from the sun in a thunderstorm! Such a question immediately forms low opinions of the Eloi. In Nineteen-Eighty Four, the stupidity of people is not so extreme, but it is evident in the way characters converse and act. For example, a character called Parsons, continually compliments Big Brother and the Party and cheerfully carries out his duties to the party such as collecting money from party memb ers for the Party.He is oblivious to the fact that the party is more-or-less robbing party members of their money; a very tiny percentage of this funding will go towards the public. Although this fact is all-too-obvious, many characters like Parson simply ignore it. Another indication is Orwells direct description of these characters actions: Winstons handed over two notes, which Parsons entered in a small notebook, in the neat handwriting of the illiterate. Orwell is directly illustrating that Parsons is almost illiterate.
Monday, February 24, 2020
Bullying Should be Abolished Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Bullying Should be Abolished - Research Paper Example A second form of bullying is the verbal assault, which includes calling names or insulting an individual or worse still spreading rumors about the person (Rigby 225). In other cases, some bullies use text messages to intimidate an individual. Other bullies use the internet and intimidate others by posting nasty comments to an individualââ¬â¢s profile on a social network. Other bullies post pictures that seek to intimidate or raise issues on oneââ¬â¢s reputation. Bullying may also be sexual in cases where the bully sends sexual photos, calls you names that touch on sexuality or physically harasses one sexually without their consent. Bullying can take place in school, neighborhood, workplace, and among peers. Other bullies find their prey on the internet and in cyber. Often victims face bullying because of their race, body shape, family, sexuality, and integrity. Bullying is a detestable act in society, and the institutions should abolish it and the government should establish an anti-bully policy. Bullying has devastating effects on the wellbeing of individuals and denies the victims opportunities of living freely. Bullies cause immeasurable intimidation on their victim affecting their self-esteem. According to scholars, the practice is common in high schools. Further, researchers believe that from the understanding of human development, humans build self-esteem during their teen age. High school students are in this age bracket and therefore their self-esteem is greatly affected. These students feel inferior to their fellow students and show signs of loss of self worth (William 2). Individuals, who experience a low self-esteem in their teen age, usually have difficulties in self-actualization later in their lives. They lack faith in themselves and unless they can rise above these challenges, they do not achieve their goals in life. From Rigbyââ¬â¢s publication, it is also clear that victims of bullying have a higher likelihood of developing psychiatric disorders (227). This happens later in their lives if they face bullying at the tender age of eight years. It is unfair to deny an individual an opportunity to develop a high self-esteem and affect the rest of their lives. Children who are bullies show signs of depression and this indicates that bullying affects both the victim and the bully. Victims of bullying undergo extreme trauma. They feel empty and nobody comes to their rescue; they lose the reason for living and take their lives. This is usually so tragic to the family of such teenagers. Moreover, these teenagers die at a tender age and never live to see their dreams come true and this is a great loss to society in terms of potential. Families of the victims have a hard time accepting the death of their beloved children according to Colson in his article titled `Mother claims bullying led to daughterââ¬â¢s suicideââ¬â¢. Friends of the victims experience great loss too and tend to live in fear of the same happening to them. The main cause of reported suicide is usually because of feeling worthless and this ascertains to the fact that bullying can lead to suicide. Bullies can also consider suicide on realization that a victim committed suicide. This is because of guilt and even those not taking this option experience depression because of guilt. Bullying affects children negatively and reports
Friday, February 7, 2020
Movie Indusrty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Movie Indusrty - Essay Example cing companies make film production equipment affordable; they create opportunities of acquiring investment capital from outside the movie industry itself. In essence, they have allowed independent movie production to grow. Some of the major centers of film making can be said to be, Nigeria, Hong Kong and India (Scott, 2005). This paper will conduct a research on the global perspective view of the United States film industry with reference to other known production countries; this in view in terms of India and Hong Kong. The difference from these centers falls under the place where the movies stand to be filmed. With the reasoning of labor and infrastructure costs, most movies are made in states different from the one in which the organization, owing to the film, is situated. For example, many U.S. movies are filmed in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and New Zealand or Eastern European countries. The largest producer of films in the world stands to be India. It produces nearly 3000 films on celluloid, which include a stunning figure of 1288 featured movies (Lee, 2002). Indian film industry covers multiple languages and the largest in the globe with a view of the tickets purchased and the number of movies created (Lee, 2002). The industry enjoys the support of the main vast film-going Indian society. For this reason, Indian films have been earning popularity in the rest of the world; this being noted in countries with large numbers of migrated Indians. The largest movie industry in India refers to Hindi film industry. It concentrates in Mumbai, and people commonly referred to it as "Bollywood". The name amalgamates itself from Bombay and Hollywood (Lee, 2002). Hong Kong stands as a film-producing hub for the Chinese speakers. It falls under the third largest film industry in the globe and the second largest exporter of movies. Hong Kong movies stand out for their unique identity and play a vital part on the world cinema scene. Unlike many movies, Hong Kong
Wednesday, January 29, 2020
The Concept of Luxury Brands Essay Example for Free
The Concept of Luxury Brands Essay Paper about the Definition and Categorization of Luxury Products and Brands consisting of a Taxonomy of Luxury and a Handbook for the Creation of Luxury Products and Brands This paper defines both luxury products and brands and also distinguishes similar concepts such as premium and masstige and differentiates between major types of luxury products and brands such as accessible vs. exceptional luxury products and connoisseur vs. Star brands. In that way, it should create a better understanding of what actually constitutes luxury products and brands, and thus should be useful for both researchers and managers within the field of luxury brand management. As luxury is constantly on the move, this paper will be constantly up-dated. Therefore, please feel free to send me your feedback and ideas. The latest publication can be foundhere and previous publications below. According to its objectives, the paper is split into the following two major components: Taxonomy of Luxury: The tasks of distinguishing between luxury and non-luxury and of categorizing luxury into different types reminds one of the work of taxonomists, who try to order organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences. The classification of organisms is not that simple, not only because of their vast variety, but also because boundaries between species are diffuse. However, similarly to the taxonomy of organisms, the taxonomy of luxury should provide a definition of luxury products and luxury brands that, for any products and brands, allows one to decide as best as possible if they are part of what is meant by these terms. In addition, the taxonomy should give an overview of the major types of luxury products and brands, as well as of similar concepts. Handbook for the Creation of Luxury Products and Brands: For mankind, classification had to be carried out from the very beginning, because the accurate identification of food, predators, mates, fuel, building materials etc. was crucial to survival. This demonstrates that classification also leads to a better understanding about the objects of investigation. Besides their value in the classification of luxury, the characteristics of luxury products and brands thus also help to develop an understanding about how they are actually created. As this is a distinctive area of application, the explanations about their characteristics are consolidated in a separate part of the paper, which should serve as a handbook for the creation of luxury products and brands. PART I LUXONOMY The task of distinguishing between luxury and non-luxury and of categorizing luxury into different types is reminiscent of the job of taxonomists, who try to order organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences (Stace 1991, p. 5). Taxonomy is more generally used today for classifications of any types of objects of investigation, including, for instance, shopper motivations (Westbrook and Black 1985), vehicles (Pirotte and Massart 2004, p. 2) and luxury consumers (Han et al. 2010, p. 16). This part of the paper presents a taxonomy of luxury particularly for use within the field of luxury brand management. Starting from a basic definition of luxury, it distinguishes between the major understandings of luxury put forth by different areas of research, defines luxury products and brands and gives an overview of the major types of luxury products and brands and also of similar concepts. The definitions of luxury products and luxury brands should allow one to decide as best as possible, for any products and brands, if they are part of what is meant by these terms. 1. The Basic Definition of Luxury 1. 1. The Necessity-Luxury Continuum Despite confusions, researchers across all disciplines share a basic understanding of luxury. To begin with, luxury is defined as something that is more than necessary (e. g. by Bearden and Etzel 1982, p. 184; Muhlmann 1975, p. 69; Reith and Meyer 2003, p. 10; Sombart 1922, p. 85). In contrast to necessity, some authors also characterize luxury by non-necessity and superfluity (e. g. by De Barnier et al. 2006, p. 5; Dubois et al. 2001, p. 15; Csaba 2008, p. 3; Geerts and Veg 2010, p. 2; Jackel and Kochhan 2000, p. 75). The distinction between necessity and luxury is based on the availability or exclusivity of resources. While necessities are possessed by virtually everyone, luxuries are available exclusively to only a few people or at least only on rare occasions (Bearden and Etzel 1982, p. 184). Bearden and Etzel (1982, p. 186) imagined the necessity-luxury dimension as a continuum ranging from absolute necessity to absolute luxury. Accordingly, they developed a six-point Likert scale ranging from a necessity for everyoneââ¬â¢ to a luxury for everyone in order to measure the luxuriousness of a number of product categories (see also Kemp 1998, p.594). Today however, people spend the biggest portion of their income on goods that satisfy more than their necessary or basic human needs, but most of these goods might still not be considered a luxury. Therefore, Chaudhuri (1998, p. 158 et seqq. ) criticized the necessity-luxury continuum produced by Bearden and Etzel (1982) and measured necessity and luxury as two separate variables on a seven-point agree/disagree scale (This product is a luxury [necessity] for me. ) No significant relationships were found among these variables (p.163), which supports the approach of these authors. However, there were goods with low ratings on both variables such as cornflakes, frozen dinners, and potato chips, indicating the need for another category of ordinary goods. Bearden and Etzel (1982, p. 186) actually already considered this category, as they defined luxuries as not needed for ordinary, day-to-day living. ââ¬â¢ Instead of subsuming ordinary goods into the necessity category, the scale can also be extended to the necessity-ordinary-luxury scale, which might be more intuitive for todayââ¬â¢s consumers. In very old lexica, luxury is defined as anything that is more than necessary (e. g. Brockhaus 1846, p. 179). After the increase in the standard of living over many social classes in the late 19th century, the definition was further narrowed by luxury being also that which is more than ordinary (e. g. Meyers 1890, p. 1035). Since then, most lexica share the notion of luxury as anything that is more than necessary and ordinary (e. g. Meyers 1995, p. 189). However, not everything that is neither necessary nor ordinary is a luxury. For instance, most people rarely have moths in their wardrobe, but still do not consider this extraordinary occurrence a luxury. This demonstrates that the characterization of luxury as non-necessary and superfluous can be misleading because luxury is always meant to satisfy some human needs and desires (Berry 1994, p. 4 et seqq. ; Geerts and Veg 2010, p. 2; Giacalone 2006, p. 34; Goody 2006, p. 341). Accordingly, luxury is also associated with dream (e. g. by Seringhaus 2002, p. 5; Dubois and Paternault 1995, p. 69). While necessary and ordinary goods are also desirable (or required), a study by Kemp (1998, p. 599; 603) points out an essential difference: similar items [are] more likely to be perceived as a luxury if they [produce] a positive effect for the recipient than if they [relieve] a state of discomfort [â⬠¦ so that luxuries areâ⬠¦] positive instead of negative reinforcements. Therefore, Kemp (1998, p. 592) compares the necessity-luxury continuum with the hierarchy of needs produced by Maslow (1970), which ranges from basic physiological needs such as hunger (necessities) up to needs of self-actualization (luxuries). These facts demonstrate that the luxuriousness of any resource is not only based on its availability, but also on peoplesââ¬â¢ desire for it. Accordingly, the basic definition of luxury may be summarized as follows: Luxury is anything that is desirable and more than necessary and ordinary. | Luxury usually refers to single items, in which case it is described as qualitative luxury. In contrast, quantitative luxury refers to the profusion of an excessive amount of resources, which are not necessarily luxurious. For instance, this includes lighting a cigar with a handful of matches (Sombart 1922, p.86). 1. 2. The Relativity of Luxury The decision of what is desirable and more than necessary and ordinary is relative and depends on the perspective (Buttner et al. 2006, p. 9; Jackel and Kochhan 2000, p. 75; Kapferer 2008, p. 96; Nyeck 2004, p. 1; Sombart 1922, p. 85; Valtin 2004, p. 20 et seqq. ). The relativity of luxury splits into a regional, temporal, economic, cultural and situational relativity, which is illustrated in figure 1 and explained below. Regional relativity refers to the classification of resources on the necessity-luxury continuum depending on their local availability. Some goods are widely available and worth very little in some regions, but acquire luxury status by virtue of their rarity in another environment (Merki 2002, p. 85; Reith and Meyer 2003, p. 10). For instance, in the 19th century, kola nuts could be freely collected in the forests of West Africa and became a luxury in Europe, where they were used for kola biscuits and kola wine (Goody 2006, p. 347). In addition, a sunny day at the beach might be considered a luxury in most parts of Europe, while it is almost an everyday experience for people living in Miami. Temporal relativity refers to changes in the perception of the luxuriousness of resources over time, which are based on changes in their availability and desirability (Fuehrer 2008, p. 214; Kisabaka 2001, p. 119 et seqq. ; Matsuyama 2002, p. 1038). The major causes of these changes are technological progress and societal trends (see also Konig 2002, p. 118). Technological progress is also the main reason for the decreasing relevance of the regional relativity of luxury goods. For instance, modern production methods enabled the development from luxury kola to mass-marketed Coca-Cola (Goody 2006, p.348). There are many other examples of the metamorphosis of luxury goods into mass market commodities such as butter, chocolate, coffee, spices, sugar, and tea (Reith and Meyer 2003, p. 10). This process runs especially fast for technical products, as exemplified by TVs, PCs, and mobile phones. However, this process can also run in the opposite direction, as seen with some historically ordinary resources, such as clean air, silence and space, which have become increasingly rare, at least in some regions (see also Koschel 2005, p. 41). Temporal relativity represents the particular character of luxury as being not stable and constantly changing over time (Kapferer 2008, p. 96; see also Jackel and Kochhan 2000, p. 89; Mortelmans 2005, p. 504). Economic relativity refers to differences in peoplesââ¬â¢ perceptions of luxuriousness depending on their access to resources (Kapferer 2008, p. 96; Kisabaka 2001, p. 121; Meffert and Lasslop 2003, p. 4; Vickers and Renand 2003, p. 461). While mostpeople consider a watch costing 50â⠬ as an ordinary item, there are some who see it as a luxury, and still others who would not even regard a watch costing 5,000â⠬ as a luxury. Economic relativity also refers to differences among countries with varying states of economic development. For instance, cars are generally considered as ordinary goods in Western Europe, but remain a luxury in developing countries (Christodoulides et al. 2009, p. 397; Matsuyama 2002, p. 1038). Culutural relativity: In any cultural context, luxury refers to something that exceeds necessity and ordinariness. However, in contrast to the previous categories, cultural relativity does not refer to the availability, but to the desirability of resources to people depending on their culture. The same resource might be considered luxurious in one culture, but just ordinary or even useless and undesirable in another culture (Kapferer and Bastien 2009b, p. 314; Kemp 1998, p. 604; Kisabaka 2001, p. 121 et seqq. ). For instance, champagne can be considered as a luxury in European countries, but generally is not desired in Islamic societies. The same is true for a Lamborghini from the perspective of someone from a secluded Amazon tribe (Berthon et al. 2009, p. 49). However, Mortelmans (2005, p. 497) argues that every social group can be said to have its own luxury. There are culture-specific symbols of good taste and luxury, which are determined by the elite of any cultural group or subculture and are used for social distinction (Bourdieu 1994, p. 64 et seqq. ; Fuehrer 2008, p. 135 et seqq. ; Merki 2002, p. 90; Reith and Meyer 2003, p. 24). While gold teeth grills are considered a luxury in the hip-hop scene, the majority of people do not find them desirable. The preferences of luxury are rooted to a great extent in cultural values (Kemp 1998, p. 596; Sombart 1922, p.87), which differ by demographic variables such as gender, age, and education (see studies by Hudders and Pandelaere 2009, p. 6 et seqq. ; Jackel and Kochhan 2000, p. 75). However, the members of a cultural group also differ in their knowledge of the symbols of luxury (Kisabaka 2001, p. 121). These facts demonstrate that there are also differences in the perception of luxury among the members of a cultural group. Therefore, Berthon et al. (2009, p. 47) state that luxury has an intensely individual component as well: what might be luxury to one person will be commonplace, or perhaps even irrelevant and valueless, to another. As the culture-specific symbols of luxury are a result of social learning, it must also be possible to influence peoplesââ¬â¢ ideas of luxury using marketing measures (Jackel and Kochhan 2000, p. 81). For instance, De Beers managed to position diamonds as a symbol of love and luxury. Situational relativity implies that the same resource could be differently classified as necessary, ordinary or luxurious depending on the circumstances. For instance, ordinary food might become luxurious if a person has not eaten it for a long time, and any luxury food could be considered ordinary after eating it for several days (Kemp 1998, p.598). 1. 3. General Perspective for the Definition of Luxury These types of relativity can be used as follows to determine a general perspective from which luxury should be defined, particularly with regard to the requirements within the field of luxury brand management: Regional relativity: Due to the globalization of business, especially of the luxury industry, luxury should be defined from a global perspective, which leads to the omission of regional specialties from the definition of luxury for the sake of a broad international coverage. Temporal relativity: The definition of luxury should refer to the present. Economic relativity: Luxury should not be defined from the perspective of the very poor or the very rich, but of the entire society of developed regions. Despite the differences in the notion of luxury between the poor and the rich, Kemp (1998, p. 596) found that to a large extent, a gross-societal consensus exists concerning the classification of goods as either luxury or non-luxury. Culutural relativity: The desirability of resources and the appearance of luxury are determined by the upper class, which also includes the relatively homogeneous segment of the global elite (Vickers and Renand 2003, p.461). Consequently, hip hop-style gold teeth grills cannot be considered luxuries (as long as they are not adopted by the upper class). Basically, luxury appeals to everyone, if defined as something that is desirable and more than necessary and ordinary from his or her perspective. However, studies on the attitudes towards luxury usually refer to luxury as determined by the upper class. Consequently, the attitudes of respondents range from admiration to rejection (Reich 2005, p. 33), which often reflects their general opinion of the societal system. Besides that, the upper class also consists of different segments, which means that a variety of luxury tastes and lifestyles exists. Situational relativity: Finally, the definition of luxury should generally not consider any temporary or individual circumstances, but should be restricted to normal conditions. Accordingly, the basic definition of luxury may be complemented as follows: Luxury is anything that is desirable and which exceeds necessity and ordinariness. As a general rule, this is defined from a global perspective, for the present and for normal conditions. While the exclusivity of resources is evaluated by the entire society, the desirability of resources and the appearance of luxury are determined by the upper class. | Based on that, table 1 exemplifies some of the many resources that can be differentiated from luxury. Accordingly, theextended basic definition limits the scope of luxury from almost anything to a more reasonable level and therefore already helps to dissolve a large part of the controversies about its definition. Table 1: Examples of Non-Luxury Items| Example of Non-Luxury| Type of Relativity| Explanation|. Clean air| Regional relativity| A luxury in Jakarta, but not from the perspective of most people| Color TV| Temporal relativity| A luxury in the 1950ââ¬â¢s, but not from todayââ¬â¢s perspective| VW Polo| Economic relativity| A luxury for a student, but not from a gross-societal perspective| Gold teeth grill| Cultural relativity| A luxury in the hip-hop scene, but not from the perspective of the upper class| McDonaldââ¬â¢s Hamburger| Situational relativity| Might be a luxury after a strict diet, but not under normal circumstances|. However, there are two limitations: First of all, the necessity-luxury continuum indicates that all luxuries are not equally luxurious, which means that there is also a hierarchical relativity. Consequently, it seems reasonable to distinguish different levels of luxury (see Kisabaka 2001, p. 120 et seq. ; and section 8. 4. 1). In addition, even though the extended basic definition limits the scope of luxury, it still covers a wide variety of resources such as musical talent, self-determination or Daikin air conditioning systems, which are not relevant within the field of luxury brand management research. Therefore, the scope of luxury will be limited further in the following chapter by differentiating the understandings of luxury by area of research. 2. The Major Understandings of Luxury The literature analysis suggests differentiating luxury definitions by area of research into three main categories, which will be explained below. 3. 1. The Philosophical-sociological Understanding of Luxury The proponents of a philosophical-sociological understanding of luxury concentrate mainly on the evolution of attitudes towards luxury and its societal benefits (e. g. Berry 1994; Mandeville 1724; Sombart 1922, p. 86 et seqq.) and on the changes in the appearance of luxury and preferences for luxury (e. g. Dohrn-van Rossum 2002; Fuehrer 2008, p. 185 et seqq. ; Koschel 2005 and Reitzle 2001, p. 26 et seqq. ). According to these research objectives, this understanding represents the broadest scope of luxury that can be referred to as luxuries or luxury resources. Examples include musical talent, time, and true love (see also Sombart 1922, p. 85). Luxuries are defined as follows: Luxuries correspond to the philosophical-sociological understanding and the broadest scope of luxury, comprising all resources which are desirable and exceed what is necessary and ordinary. | 2. 2. The Micro-economic Understanding of Luxury The proponents of a micro-economic understanding of luxury investigate the relationships between price and the demand for luxury (e. g. Chaudhuri 1998; Kemp 1998; Lipsey 1975, p. 107 et seqq. ; Poll 1980, p. 38), as well as between income and the demand for luxury (e. g. Deaton and Muellbauer 1980; Lancaster 1971, p. 68; Poll 1980, p. 30). There are also some researchers who focus on the moderating sociological effects (e. g. Bearden and Etzel 1982, Leibenstein 1950, Veblen 1899) and on the benefits of the luxury goods industry for the economy (e.g. Thomas 2007, p. 53 et seqq. ). In light of its research objectives, the micro-economic understanding of luxury represents a middle scope that is limited to goods that are suitable for exchange on the market. In microeconomics the term luxury goods was established for that and mainly refers to entire product categories (see Meffert and Lasslop 2003, p. 4; Reich 2005, p. 36). The marketability of micro-economic luxury represents its major difference from the philosophical-sociological understanding of luxury. According to Chaudhuri (1998, p.162), product categories such as barbecue and golf equipment are (still) regarded as luxury goods. The definition of luxury goods can be summarized as follows: Luxury goods correspond to the micro-economic understanding and the middle scope of luxury, comprising all goods which exceed what is necessary and ordinary, and are suitable for exchange on the market. | Luxury goods are distinguished from necessary or ordinary goods by consequence-related measures; thus the luxuriousness of any good is not determined by its characteristics, but by peoplesââ¬â¢ reaction (changes in demand) to exogenous stimuli. These measures include price and income elasticity of demand (Poll 1980, p. 29). 2. 3. The Managerial Understanding of Luxury 2. 3. 1. Areas of Research The proponents of a managerial understanding of luxury focus on the development of business and in particular, on marketing strategy guidance for a relatively small group of luxury product manufacturers. The areas of research can be categorized into studies focusing on luxury brands (including products and industry segments) and on studies which rather focus on their consumers. The first group includes image analyses about luxury brands (e. g. Matthiesen and Phau 2005, Wong and Zaichkowsky 1999) and studies about the luxury brand identity (e. g. Dubois and Czellar 2002, Heine 2009a, 2010a,b, Heine and Trommsdorff 2010a). The existing studies about luxury consumer behavior focus on the characteristics of luxury consumers, their consumption preferences and on environmental influences affecting luxury consumption. Studies about luxury consumer characteristics cover consumersââ¬â¢ purchasing motives (e. g. Tsai 2005), attitudes (e. g. Dubois et al. 2005), values (e. g. Dubois and Duquesne 1993, Heine 2010a, Sukhdial et al.1995) and demographics (e. g. Dubois and Duquesne 1993). Results of these studies serve as a basis for the segmentation of luxury consumers (e. g. Dubois et al. 2005). Additionally, there are studies focusing on luxury consumer preferences (e. g. Nia and Zaichkowsky 2000, about country-of-origin preferences) and studies about environmental influences on luxury consumption incorporating the impact of reference groups (e. g. Bearden and Etzel 1982; Wiedmann et al. 2007), culture (e. g. Casaburi 2010), product types (e. g. social/private by Bearden and Etzel 1982) and situational factors (e. g.Dubois and Laurent 1996). On top of that, there is a growing interest in the phenomenon of counterfeit luxury products (e. g. Perez et al. 2010, Phan et al. 2010, Phan and Lu 2008, Phau and Teah 2008, 2009, Phau et al. 2009, Wilcox et al. 2009). 2. 3. 2. Scope of Luxury The managerial understanding represents the smallest scope of luxury. The major difference separating it from the micro-economic perspective is that the managerial understanding of luxury does not usually refer to entire product categories, but only to the best products of a category, or to products with certain characteristics. Accordingly, products that fall within the managerial scope of luxury should be referred to as luxury products. The broad definition of luxury products can be summarized as follows: Luxury products correspond to the managerial understanding and the smallest scope of luxury, comprising all products which exceed what is necessary and ordinary compared to the other products of their category. | The definition of luxury brands is closely linked to the definition of luxury products and usually refers to specific associations about their productsââ¬â¢ characteristics. Accordingly, the broad definition of luxury brands is summarized as follows: Luxury brands are associated with products which exceed what is necessary and ordinary compared to the other products of their category. | These definitions allow one to state some typical examples of luxury products and brands including Louis Vuitton bags and Rolls-Royce automobiles. For the sake of simplicity, the luxury product business will be referred to as the luxury industry. The managerial scope of luxury becomes even clearer in comparison with the other understandings of luxury. This is not a horizontal differentiation (such as dog, cat and bird), but a vertical differentiation (such as dog, animal, living being), which refers to the relation between terms of different levels of abstraction (Eckes 1991, p. 120). As demonstrated in figure 1, luxury products constitute a subset of luxury goods, which, in turn, form a subset of luxuries. This means that the characteristics of luxuries also apply, to a large extent, to luxury products (see also Hoffmann 1986, p. 31 et seqq. ). 2. 3. 3. Limiting the Scope of Luxury. Despite its small scope in comparison to luxuries, the definition of luxury products still covers a wide variety of different products. Therefore, and according to the basic idea of definition by reduction sentences, the scope of luxury products is further limited by differentiating the major luxury market segments as follows: Luxury Products, Services and Real Estate: The managerial luxury understanding usually refers to movable assets (products in the classical sense), as the luxury industry was and is characterized by craftsmanship and engineering (Belz 1994, p.648; Berthon et al. 2009, p. 50). Beyond that, luxury services and luxury real estate form distinct luxury segments. Marketing knowledge about products offers a basis for other luxury segments, but still needs to be adapted to their specific characteristics. Branded vs. Unbranded Luxury Products: Unbranded luxury products are usually made on commission by craftsmen. Because of the high relevance of brands in the luxury segment, this paper considers only branded luxury products (see Kisabaka 2001, p.104; Vigneron and Johnson 2004, p. 486). Private vs. Public Luxury Products: Instead of public luxuries such as altar pieces or national monuments, the term luxury products usually refers to private luxury, which is owned by a person or a private organization (Sombart 1922, p. 86; see also McKinsey 1990, p. 13). B2B vs. B2C Luxury Products: B2C luxury products, also referred to as personal luxury products, are marketed to end consumers and can be used by a person to enhance his or her personal life (Sombart 1922, p.86; Reith and Meyer 2003, p. 10; Valtin 2004, p. 186). In contrast to that, there is a distinct B2B luxury segment, which includes luxury-specialized suppliers to luxury brands. One such supplier is Peter Bock, a manufacturer of nibs for luxury fountain pens. Founder-independent vs. Founder-dependent Luxury Products: This paper considers only founder-independent luxury products, which means that the existence of brands and the manufacturing of products should not depend on the life of their creators. The manufacturers of luxury products should possess a distinct brand personality and at least the capacity for infinite business operation. Although an artist could become a brand, these requirements are not fulfilled as he or she may only create founder-dependent products. Compared to other products, the luxury art market follows very specific rules and therefore forms a distinct luxury segment. The same is true for other industry segments such as (star) architect offices and the relatively complex and fast-changing market of (fashion) designer products. Uni-regional vs. Multi-regional Luxury Products: This paper disregards uni-regional luxury products, which are only available in specific regions. For instance, shopping in the KaDeWe is only possible in Berlin and spending the night in Le Bristol is only possible in Paris. However, many uni-regional luxury brands have the potential to become global. For instance, the luxury group Hilton developed the New York-based Waldorf Astoria into a global luxury hotel chain. Contemporary Luxury Products vs. Luxury Antiquities: With reference to temporal relativity (see above), only new products are considered. Luxury antiquities (including antique cars) form a distinct luxury segment. Accordingly, the broad definition of luxury products may be complemented as follows: Luxury products correspond to the managerial understanding and the smallest scope of luxury not comprising services or real estate, but products which exceed what is necessary and ordinary compared to the other products of their category. These products are branded, founder-independent, multi-regional, contemporary and possessed or used by a person to enhance his or her personal life. | Differentiating between the various understandings of luxury and major luxury market segments helps to further limit the scope of luxury in the area of management studies. Based on that, table 1 exemplifies some of the many luxuries that can be differentiated from luxury products. However, this is still not enough to distinguish clearly between ordinary and luxury products. Therefore, the broad definition of luxury products needs to be specified further, which will be addressed in the subsequent chapter. 3. Luxury Products 3. 1. The Definition of Luxury Products Although the term luxury products is broadly defined and therefore basically comprehensible (see previous section), it still needs to be operationalized because it is not yet clear which products are actually more than necessary and ordinary compared to the other products of their category. The broad definition of luxury products can be modified and further specified by an operational definition. For this purpose, adequate indicators for a term need to be determined. According to the dimensional analysis, it was decided to operationalize luxury products by their characteristics. The operationalization relies on a literature analysis and an empirical study (as outlined in the paper). The results suggest that consumers perceive that luxury products have six major characteristics including price, quality, aesthetics, rarity, extraordinariness and symbolism. These constitutive characteristics and their typical sub-categories are explained in detail in one of the following chapters. In that way, the operationalization helps to decide for most products if they are part of what is meant by the term luxury product (see also Kromrey 2009, p. 110). The definition of luxury products can be summarized as follows: Luxury products have more than necessary and ordinary characteristics compared to other products of their category, which include their relatively high level of price, quality, aesthetics, rarity, extraordinariness, and symbolic meaning. | Comparative terms such as luxury rely on continuous characteristics (as explained in the paper). Therefore, the major characteristics of luxury products can be considered as dimensions ranging from a minimum level that is also necessary for non-luxury products to a maximum level that corresponds to the highest form of luxury. As these major characteristics must apply to virtually all luxury products at least to some degree, they are therefore referred to as constitutive characteristics. Although luxury products require a relatively high rating for all of the major characteristics, there still exists a wide range of possible ratings within the luxury segment. According to the principles of the prototype theory, luxury products therefore differ in the degree to which they are qualified as representatives of their category. The luxuriousness of a product increases when the level of at least one of these characteristics increases. Not surprisingly, the luxury level therefore is one of the major means of differentiation for luxury products and brands (Esteve and Hieu-Dess 2005). The characteristics of luxury products are not independent of each other.
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